<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1146</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1146</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-11462023000200105</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/bmhim.22000124</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Increased risk of hospitalization and death in Mexican children and adolescents with COVID-19 and comorbidities]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Riesgo incrementado de hospitalización y muerte en niños y adolescentes mexicanos con COVID-19 y comorbilidad]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Galdamez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Block]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romo-Dueñas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cahuantzi-Tamayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Texis-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina-Urzúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerón-Meza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosalba]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Vicente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irma A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lumbreras-Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marivel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A0"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlaxcala ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría de Salud de Tlaxcala Departamento de Calidad y Educación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlaxcala ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guatemala City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Anáhuac  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mexico City]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Morelos]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Evisys Consulting Evisys Consulting ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mexico City]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Centro de Estudios en Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guatemala City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Facultad de Agrobiología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlaxcala ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría de Salud de Tlaxcala Hospital General de Huamantla ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlaxcala ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría de Salud de Tlaxcala Centro de Salud Urbano de Villa Vicente Guerrero ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlaxcala ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>105</fpage>
<lpage>114</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-11462023000200105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-11462023000200105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-11462023000200105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Although COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) in children is usually mild, they need hospitalization and intensive care in exceptional cases. Adverse outcomes have been observed mainly among children with comorbidities, justifying their vaccination. This study aimed to assess the risk of hospitalization and death in Mexican children and adolescents with COVID-19 and comorbidities.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 366,542 confirmed COVID-19 cases under 18 years, reported by the Mexican Ministry of Health up to July 9, 2022. Logistic regression models were performed.  Results: The mean age was 10.98 years, 50.6% were male, and 7.3% reported at least one comorbidity. The percentage of hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients with and without comorbidities was 3.52%, and 0.20%, respectively; children with comorbidities presented a higher percentage of hospitalization (14.0%) and death (1.9%). The probability of hospitalization was 5.6 times greater in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and comorbidities, and the comorbidities that showed the greatest risk were immunosuppression (odds ratio (OR) 22.06), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (11.36), and cardiovascular diseases (5.66). The probability of death in patients with comorbidities was 11.01 times higher than in those without diseases, and the highest risk was observed in those with CKD (OR 12.57), cardiovascular diseases (6.87), and diabetes (5.83).  Conclusions: Pediatric patients with comorbidities presented a higher risk of severe COVID-19. It is suggested that vaccination should be promoted with greater emphasis on pediatric patients with comorbidities.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: Aunque COVID-19 (enfermedad por coronavirus 2019) en niños es usualmente leve, en casos excepcionales requieren hospitalización y cuidados intensivos. Los resultados adversos han sido observados principalmente en los niños con comorbilidades, justificando su vacunación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el riesgo de hospitalización y muerte en niños y adolescentes mexicanos con COVID-19 y comorbilidades.  Métodos: Estudio transversal en 366,542 casos de COVID-19 confirmados, menores de 18 años y reportados por la Secretaría de Salud de México, hasta el 9 de julio del 2022. Se ejecutaron modelos multivariados de regresión logística.  Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 10.98 años, 50.6% de sexo masculino, y 7.3% reportaron al menos una comorbilidad. El porcentaje de hospitalización y muerte en pacientes con COVID-19 sin comorbilidades fue 3.52% y 0.20%, respectivamente; mientras que los pacientes con comorbilidades presentaron más elevados porcentajes de hospitalización (14.0%) y muerte (1.9%). La probabilidad de hospitalización fue 5.6 veces más en los pacientes con COVID-19 y comorbilidades, comparando con aquellos sin comorbilidades. Las comorbilidades que mostraron más riesgo fueron inmunosupresión (razón de momios (RM) 22.06), enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) (RM 11.36) y enfermedades cardiovasculares (RM 5.66). La probabilidad de muerte en los pacientes con comorbilidades fue 11.01 veces más que en aquellos sin enfermedades, y fue más elevado en aquellos con ERC (RM 12.57), enfermedades cardiovasculares (RM 6.87) y diabetes (RM 5.83).  Conclusiones: Los pacientes pediátricos con comorbilidades presentaron mayor riesgo de COVID-19 severo, por lo que se sugiere promover con mayor énfasis la vacunación en ellos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Comorbidities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hospitalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Death]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Comorbilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pediátricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hospitalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Muerte]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Preston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chevinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kompaniyets]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boehmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characteristics and disease severity of us children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Netw Open]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>4</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kompaniyets]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agathis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Preston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Netw Open]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>4</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ureña-Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar-Ituarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez-de]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anda GF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Castrellón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factores asociados a muerte en niños con COVID-19 en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gac Méd Méx]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>156</volume>
<page-range>516-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19):Schools. Newsroom]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>UNICEF</collab>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19 Confirmed Cases and Deaths-UNICEF DATA]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>1-2</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNICEF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera-Hernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferdows]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on older adults in rural and urban areas in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llaque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infección por el nuevo coronavirus 2019 en niños]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev PerúMed Exp Salud Pública]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>335-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turtle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pollock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fairfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with Covid-19 in United Kingdom:prospective multicenter observational cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>370</volume>
<page-range>m3249</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Felsenstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hedrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 in children and young people]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Rheumatol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castilla-Peón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Juárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hibert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Covid-19 incidence and mortality by age strata and comorbidities in Mexico City:a focus in the pediatric population]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Public Health]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>738423</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feldstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horwitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newhams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Son]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U. S. children and adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>383</volume>
<page-range>334-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Secretaría de Salud-Gobierno de México</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Datos Abiertos de México-Información referente a casos COVID-19 en México]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Secretaría de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGoogan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>323</volume>
<page-range>1239-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ladhani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amin-Chowdhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aiano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lacy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 in children:analysis of the first pandemic peak in England]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Dis Child]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>1180-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buonsenso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Children with Covid-19 in pediatric emergency departments in Italy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>383</volume>
<page-range>187-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Government of Canada</collab>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19 Epidemiology Update]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Government of Canada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleming-Dutra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19 Epidemiology in Children Ages 6 Months-4 Years]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Atlanta ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leidman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Omura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Proia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sauber-Schatz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 trends among persons Aged 0-24 years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<page-range>88-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte-Salles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vizcaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pistillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casajust]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thirty-day outcomes of children and adolescents with COVID-19:an international experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>148</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does asthma increase the mortality of patients with COVID-19?:a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Arch Allergy Immunol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<page-range>76-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otunla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rees]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dennison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobbs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suklan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schofield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risks of infection, hospital and ICU admission, and death from COVID-19 in people with asthma:systematic review and meta-analyses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Evid Based Med]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>263-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boechat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wandalsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuschnir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 and pediatric asthma:clinical and management challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Environ Res Public Health]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>1093</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winterstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Montelukast's ability to fight COVID-19 infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Asthma]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>1348-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weizman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rapp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pritykin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetic control of innate and adaptive immune memory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Immunol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>963-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Netea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Andrés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Divangahi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Immunol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>375-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valiathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asthana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of ageing on the immune system:infants to elderly]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Immunol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>255-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manuel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 cytokine storm:the interplay between inflammation and coagulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Respir Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Viral infection in the development and progression of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>128</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAuley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tattersall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19:consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>395</volume>
<page-range>1033-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabenau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oberle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Funk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keller-Stanislawski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic and symptomatic patients and risk for transfusion transmission]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transfusion]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>1119-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ofitserova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meijerink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rykkvin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hungnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Minimal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from paediatric COVID-19 cases in primary schools, Norway, 2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Euro Surveill]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>2002011</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What new COVID variants mean for schools is not yet clear]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>589</volume>
<page-range>503</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klepac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CMMID COVID-19 Working Group Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>1205-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunyavanich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Do]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicencio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>323</volume>
<page-range>2427-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irfan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 vaccines for children younger than 12 years:are we ready?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>1614-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carnalla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basto-Abreu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bautista-Arredondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamah-Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alpuche-Aranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acceptance, refusal and hesitancy of Covid-19 vaccination in Mexico:Ensanut 2020 Covid-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Salud Publica Mex]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>598-606</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kostoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanduc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briggs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vlachoyiannopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svistunov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Toxicol Rep]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>1665-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Testing for COVID-19:A Way to lift Confinement Restrictions]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
