<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-0565</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Espiral (Guadalajara)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Espiral (Guadalaj.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-0565</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-05652021000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sobre los paradigmas de la violencia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[About paradigms of violence]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moloeznik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcos Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portilla-Tinajero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Radamanto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>82</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-05652021000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-05652021000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-05652021000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La violencia constituye un fenómeno complejo a la vez que una constante histórica. Esto explica que diversos pensadores y tratadistas hayan intentado definirla, interpretarla y clasificarla. La violencia da al traste con el más sagrado de los derechos humanos, el derecho a la vida. En particular, el genocidio y otros crímenes de lesa humanidad, los crímenes de guerra, los actos esporádicos y aislados de violencia -otras situaciones de violencia-,el terrorismo y la violencia criminal organizada, son las modalidades de la violencia colectiva responsables de la mayoría de las muertes violentas que cuestionan severamente el pacto social. De ahí la imperiosa necesidad de llevar a cabo una revisión de los paradigmas de la violencia y de los tipos de violencia más perniciosos y que causan mayor daño al tejido social.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Violence constitutes a complex phenomenon as well as an historical constant. This explains that various thinkers and writers have tried to define, interpret and classify it. Violence destroys the most sacred of human rights, the right to life. In particular, genocide and other crimes against humanity, war crimes, sporadic and isolated acts of violence -other situations of violence-, terrorism and organized criminal violence, are the modalities of collective violence responsible for majority of the violent deaths that severely question the social pact. Hence the urgent need to carry out a review of the paradigms of violence and the most pernicious types of violence that cause the greatest damage to the social dimension.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[genocidio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflicto armado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[otras situaciones de violencia (OSV)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[terrorismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia criminal organizada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genocide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[armed conflicts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[other situations of violence (OSV)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[terrorism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[organized criminal violence]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albanese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>409-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albanese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organized Crime in OurTimes]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<edition>5a</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lexis Nexis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arendt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eichmann en Jerusalén: Un estudio sobre la banalidad del mal]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arendt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sobre la violencia]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arteaga Botello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Repensar la violencia.Tres propuestas para el siglo XXI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trayectorias]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>IX</volume>
<numero>23</numero>
<issue>23</issue>
<page-range>43-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Autores varios</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Campos de concentración. El crimen más grande contra el género humano]]></source>
<year>1947</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Problemas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Autores varios</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Diccionario de inteligencia y seguridad]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gobierno de España-Ministerio de la Presidencia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of Florida]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beittel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benjamin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Para una crítica de la violencia]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Leviatán]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violencia. Pensar sin barandillas]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gedisa Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aproximación teórica al concepto de violencia: Avatares de una definición]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política y Cultura]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>9-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourdieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Passeron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fundamentos de una teoría de la violencia simbólica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La reproducción. Elementos para una teoría del sistema de enseñanza]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>15-85</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Popular]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cassese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Criminal Law]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violence. A micro-sociological theory]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Micro and Macro Causes of Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protocolo II adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 relativo a la protección de las víctimas de los conflictos armados sin carácter internacional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Actividades de protección y de asistencia del CICR en las situaciones que no abarca el derecho internacional humanitario]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<numero>85</numero>
<issue>85</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comentario del Protocolo adicional II a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Cuál es la definición de &#8220;conflicto armado&#8221; según el derecho internacional humanitario?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cuarto informe: XXXII Conferencia Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Violencia y uso de la fuerza]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costas Trascasas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El marco legal y reglamentario aplicable al restablecimiento del orden público y la protección de las personas en situaciones de disturbios y tensiones internas]]></article-title>
<collab>Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja</collab>
<collab>Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre el uso de la fuerza y la protección de las personas en situaciones de disturbios y tensiones internas en América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crettiez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las formas de la violencia]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Waldhuter Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Rover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Servir y proteger. Derecho de los derechos humanos y derecho humanitario para las fuerzas de policía y de seguridad]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Europa Press</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Genocidio, el &#8220;crimen de crímenes&#8221; al que ningún país y ninguna región es &#8220;inmune&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Europa Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fanon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Piel negra, máscaras blancas]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Abraxas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Terrorism, crime and public policy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tras la violencia, 3R: Reconstrucción, reconciliación, resolución. Afrontando los efectos visibles e invisibles de la guerra y la violencia]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bakeaz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cultural Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>291-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garavito Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las violencias en Guatemala, algunas perspectivas]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Flacso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Sílberman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos Lira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Medios de comunicación y violencia]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Actos de terror, &#8220;terrorismo&#8221; y derecho internacional humanitario]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[États de violence. Essai sur la fin de la guerre]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gallimard]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Misse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrión]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence research in Latin America and the Caribbean:A literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>87-154</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaldor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las nuevas guerras.Violencia organizada en la era global]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tusquets Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalyvas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Logic of Violence in Civil War]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalyvas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How CivilWars Help Explain Organized Crimeand HowThey Do Not]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Conflict Resolution]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1517-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koerin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violent Crime: Prediction and Control]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crime &amp; Delinquency]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>49-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahlberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zwi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organización Panamericana de la Salud-Oficina Regional para las Américas]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>588</numero>
<issue>588</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress]]></source>
<year>1944</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lessing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The logic of violence in criminal war: Cartel-State conflict in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lessing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violent corruption and violent lobbying: Logics of cartel-State conflict in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Terrorismo, política y derecho. La legislación antiterrorista en España, Reino Unido, República Federal de Alemania, Italia y Francia]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Löwy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las formas modernas de la barbarie]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Metapolítica: Las Barbaries de la Civilización]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maldonado Aranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transición política, seguridad y violencia en México: Radiografía de la lucha antidrogas en Michoacán. El prisma de las seguridades en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Escenarios regionales y locales]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>115-38</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[CLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malesevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The sociology of war and violence]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On defining &#8220;organized crime&#8221;: The development of a definition and tipology]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organized Crime]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>66-75</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crónicas de la ultramodernidad]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Quintento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffman]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Future Warfare: The Rise of Hybrid Wars]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U. S. Naval Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbembe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Necropolítica]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Melusina]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho internacional humanitario. Una introducción integral]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moloeznik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tratado sobre pensamiento estratégico-militar Enseñanzas para el sistema de defensa de México]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colectivo de Análisis de la Seguridad en Democracia, A. C. (Casede)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Criminalidad organizada y conflicto armado no internacional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Balance e impacto de las políticas públicas federales en materia de seguridad bajo la gestión de Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2006-2012)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Münkler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las guerras del siglo XXI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus protocolos]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resolución 96 (1) de la Asamblea General de la ONU]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[United Nations Yearbook, 1946-47]]></source>
<year>1947</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio]]></source>
<year>1948</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Convención sobre la imprescriptibilidad de los crímenes de guerra y de los crímenes de lesa humanidad]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización de Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización de Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resolución a/res/60/288 de la Asamblea General, Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización de Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mafia Brotherhoods. Organized Crime, Italian Style]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reguillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La narcomáquina y el trabajo de la violencia:Apuntes para su decodificación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emisférica]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reguillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La narcomáquina ya no necesita Chapos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Anfibia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aponte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guerra y violencias en Colombia. Herramientas e interpretaciones]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouquié]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina. Introducción al extremo Occidente]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[En la niebla de la guerra: Los ciudadanos ante la violencia criminal organizada]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schelling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is the bussiness of organized crime?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organized Crime]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>261-73</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schinkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aspects of Violence: A Critical Theory]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El concepto de lo político:Texto de 1932 con un prólogo y tres corolarios]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks for Organised Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>97-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. van de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Traditional Organized Crime in the Modern World. Responses to Socioeconomic Change]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sofsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tiempos de horror. Amok, violencia, guerra]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sorel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reflections onViolence]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swinarski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Terrorismo en el derecho internacional público]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valladares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho internacional humanitario y temas de áreas vinculadas]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>533-47</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Lexis Nexis Abeledo Perrot]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guerra y construcción del Estado como crimen organizado]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Académica de Relaciones Internacionales]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Collective Violence]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capitalismo Gore]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Melusina]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Von Clausewitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[De la guerra]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Biblioteca Virtual Universal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wieviorka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violence. A New Approach]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winkler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In the Name of Terrorism. Presidents on Political Violence in the Post-World War II Era]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[State University of New York Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimbardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El efecto Lucifer: El porqué de la maldad]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zizek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El acoso de las fantasías]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zizek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sobre la violencia. Seis reflexiones marginales]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
