<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462025000100065</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13053/cys-29-1-5531</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Deep-Learning-based Electrical Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Modules through Aerial Infrared Imaging: Addressing Data Complexity]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montañez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moctezuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valentín-Coronado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial A. C.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>75</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Aerial infrared imaging has emerged as a reliable, efficient and promising technology for detecting electrical faults in photovoltaic modules. This is attributed to its non-invasive nature and capability to capture thermal signatures associated with defective components in large solar farms, that can be inspected in a fraction of the time required for ground-based methods. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of aerial infrared imaging in fault detection encounters complexities in the problem data representativeness, attributed to diverse conditions, such as module types and configurations, fault types, and even the acquisition environment, such as ambient temperature and humidity, irradiance levels, and wind conditions. This work presents the use of deep learning for electrical fault detection in photovoltaic modules while analyzing the inherent data complexity. This study explore the role of data complexity in influencing the performance of fault detection algorithms, highlighting the need for representative, consistent and balanced datasets encompassing diverse and real word fault scenarios.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Deep Learning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infrared-imaging]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[photovoltaic module]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[data complexity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Automatic detection of photovoltaic module defects in infrared images with isolated and develop-model transfer deep learning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Solar Energy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<page-range>175-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca-Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deus-Júnior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Automatic fault classification in photovoltaic modules using convolutional neural networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable Energy]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<page-range>502-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Callejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque-Perez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Image resolution influence in aerial thermographic inspections of photovoltaic plants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>5678-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaplani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detection of degradation effects in field-aged c-Si solar cells through IR thermography and digital image processing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Photoenergy]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2012</volume>
<page-range>1-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korkmaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acikgoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An efficient fault classification method in solar photovoltaic modules using transfer learning and multi-scale convolutional neural network]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<page-range>104959</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krizhevsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sutskever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>1097-105</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. H. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Remote anomaly detection and classification of solar photovoltaic modules based on deep neural network]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>101545</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. P. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How complex is your classification problem?: A survey on measuring classification complexity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACM Computing Surveys]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. O. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alabid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clean Energy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>476-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McInnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Healy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millendorf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obropta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vadhavkar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infrared solar module dataset for anomaly detection]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Conference on Learning Representations]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montañez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valentín-Coronado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moctezuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Photovoltaic module segmentation and thermal analysis tool from thermal images]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pamungkas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Utama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. B. K. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A novel approach for efficient solar panel fault classification using coupled udensenet]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sensors]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>4918</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peinado-Gonzalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pliego-Marugán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Survey of maintenance management for photovoltaic power systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<page-range>110347</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Po-Ching-Hwang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng-Yuan-Ku]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chi-Chang-Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detection of malfunctioning photovoltaic modules based on machine learning algorithms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Access]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>37210-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Module defect detection and diagnosis for intelligent maintenance of solar photovoltaic plants: Techniques, systems and perspectives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energy]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>297</volume>
<page-range>131222</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tin-Kam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Complexity measures of supervised classification problems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>289-300</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vujovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Classification model evaluation metrics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
