<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462012000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Imaging using the Key Points in Low Degree Unbiased FIR Filters]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Reducción del ruido speckle en imágenes de ultrasonido usando puntos de cruce en filtros FIR sin desplazamiento de orden bajo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez-Bautista]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rene Fabián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Efrén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Semenovich Shmaliy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yuriy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Poza Rica Ver]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Salamanca Gto.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>295</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462012000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462012000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462012000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In this paper we present a method of reducing speckle noise ¡n applications for ultrasound image processing using low degree unbiased FIR filters. An important feature of the p-lag gain of unbiased FIR filters is that at some cross points it converges to the reduced degree gain. The results are evaluated in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the root mean square error (RMSE) metrics. We show that ultrasound image enhancing with different degree FIR filters at special lags allows getting best results depending on applications.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este artículo, presentamos un método para reducir el ruido speckle en el procesamiento de imágenes de ultrasonido usando los filtros FIR sin desplazamiento de orden bajo. Una característica importante de la ganancia de los filtros FIR sin desplazamiento con paso-p es que en algunos puntos de cruce de la ganancia converge a una ganancia de grado inferior. Los resultados son evaluados en términos de las métricas de la relación señal-a-ruido (SNR) y del error cuadrático medio (RMSE). Se muestra que la imagen de ultrasonido mejorada por los filtros FIR de paso-p con diferentes grados de aproximación permite obtener mejores resultados en función de las aplicaciones.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[FIR filters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ultrasound image]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cross points]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Filtros FIR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imagen de ultrasonido]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[puntos de cruce]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos regulares</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Imaging using the Key Points in Low Degree Unbiased FIR Filters</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Reducci&oacute;n del ruido speckle en im&aacute;genes de ultrasonido usando puntos de cruce en filtros FIR sin desplazamiento de orden bajo</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Luis Javier Morales&#45;Mendoza<sup>1</sup>, Rene Fabi&aacute;n V&aacute;zquez&#45;Bautista<sup>1</sup>, Efr&eacute;n Morales&#45;Mendoza<sup>1</sup> and Yuriy Semenovich Shmaliy<sup>2</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Universidad Veracruzana, Poza Rica Ver., M&eacute;xico</i> <a href="mailto:javmorales@uv.mx">javmorales@uv.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:favazquez@uv.mx">favazquez@uv.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:efmorales@uv.mx">efmorales@uv.mx</a></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup> Universidad de Guanajuato, Salamanca Gto., M&eacute;xico</i>, <a href="mailto:shmaliy@salamanca.ugto.mx">shmaliy@salamanca.ugto.mx</a></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Article received on 16/11/2010;    <br> accepted on 08/02/2012.</font></p>         <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">In this paper we present a method of reducing speckle noise &iexcl;n applications for ultrasound image processing using low degree unbiased FIR filters. An important feature of the p&#45;lag gain of unbiased FIR filters is that at some cross points it converges to the reduced degree gain. The results are evaluated in terms of the signal&#45;to&#45;noise ratio (SNR) and the root mean square error (RMSE) metrics. We show that ultrasound image enhancing with different degree FIR filters at special lags allows getting best results depending on applications.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> FIR filters, ultrasound image, cross points.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este art&iacute;culo, presentamos un m&eacute;todo para reducir el ruido speckle en el procesamiento de im&aacute;genes de ultrasonido usando los filtros FIR sin desplazamiento de orden bajo. Una caracter&iacute;stica importante de la ganancia de los filtros FIR sin desplazamiento con paso&#45;p es que en algunos puntos de cruce de la ganancia converge a una ganancia de grado inferior. Los resultados son evaluados en t&eacute;rminos de las m&eacute;tricas de la relaci&oacute;n se&ntilde;al&#45;a&#45;ruido (SNR) y del error cuadr&aacute;tico medio (RMSE). Se muestra que <i>la</i> imagen de ultrasonido mejorada por los filtros FIR de paso&#45;p con diferentes grados de aproximaci&oacute;n permite obtener mejores resultados en funci&oacute;n de las aplicaciones.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Filtros FIR, imagen de ultrasonido, puntos de cruce.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href=" /pdf/cys/v16n3/v16n3a4.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>1. Astola, J. &amp; Kuosmanen, P. (1997).</b> <i>Fundamentals of Nonlinear Digital Filtering.</i> Boca Rat&oacute;n, Fla.: CRC Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057319&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>2. Bose, T. (2004).</b> <i>Digital Signal and Image Processing.</i> Hoboken, NJ.: J. Wiley.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057321&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>3. Dumitrescu, B. 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(1988).</b> FIR&#45;median hybrid filter with predictive FIR substructures. <i>IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,</i> 36(6), 892&#45;899.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057325&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>5. Kalouptsidis, N. &amp; Theodoridis, S. 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(2009).</b> Enhancing Ultrasound Images using Hybrid FIR Structures. <i>Image Processing,</i> 287&#45;310, Vukovar, Croatia: InTech</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057329&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>7. Morales&#45;Mendoza, L.J. &amp; Shmaliy, Y. (2010).</b> Moving Average Hybrid Filter to the Enhancing Ultrasound Image Processing. <i>IEEE Latin America Transactions,</i> 8(1), 9&#45;16.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057330&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>8. Morales&#45;Mendoza, L.J., Shmaliy, Y.S., &amp; P&eacute;rez&#45;C&aacute;ceres, S. (2010).</b> An analysis of cross points in the low&#45;degree polynomial gains of p&#45;lag unbiased smoothing FIR filters. <i>15th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference</i> (MELECON 2010), Valletta, Malta, 878&#45;883.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057332&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>9. Pitas, I. &amp; Venetsanopoulos, A.N. (1990).</b> <i>Nonlinear Digital Filters: Principies and Applications.</i> Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057334&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>10. Shmaliy, Y.S. &amp; Morales&#45;Mendoza, L.J. (2010).</b> FIR smoothing of discrete&#45;time polynomial signais in state space. <i>IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,</i> 58(5), 2544&#45;2555.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057336&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>11. Shmaliy, Y.S. (2006).</b> An unbiased FIR filter for TIE model of a local dock in applications to GPS&#45;based timekeeping. <i>IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonic, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,</i> 53(5), 862&#45;870.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057338&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>12. Shmaliy, Y.S. (2009).</b> An unbiased p&#45;step predictive FIR filter for a class of noise&#45;free discrete time models with independently observed states. <i>Signal, Image &amp; Video Processing,</i> 3(2), 127&#45;135.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2057340&pid=S1405-5546201200030000400012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     ]]></body>
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