<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462005000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Metodología Semicualitativa para Razonar sobre Sistemas Dinámicos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Semiqualitative Methodology to Reasoning about Dynamic Systems]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angulo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Sevilla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sevilla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>231</fpage>
<lpage>251</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este artículo se propone una metodología para razonar sobre los modelos semicualitativos construidos para sistemas dinámicos con conocimiento cualitativo y cuantitativo. La información cualitativa de estos sistemas puede componerse de: operadores cualitativos, etiquetas cualitativas, funciones de bandas y funciones continuas cualitativas. Se presenta un formalismo para incorporar esta información a los modelos. La metodología propuesta permite estudiar no sólo del régimen estacionario, ampliamente estudiado en la literatura, sino que además posibilita realizar un estudio del régimen transitorio de los sistemas. Se presenta también un estudio teórico sobre la validez de las conclusiones obtenidas la metodología. Los comportamientos del sistema se pueden obtener automáticamente aplicando algoritmos de clustering y se expresan mediante un conjunto de reglas jerárquicas obtenidas mediante algoritmos genéticos. La metodología se ha aplicado a un par de modelos, siendo uno el modelo de dos estanques interconectados y otro un modelo de crecimiento logístico donde se ha incorporado un retraso en el bucle de realimentación.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In this article a methodology to reason over semiqualitative models built for dinamic systems with qualitative and quantitative knowledge is proposed. The qualitative information of these systems can be composed of: qualitative operators, qualitative labels, bands functions and qualitative continuous functions. A formalism to incorporate this information to the models is presented. The proposed methodology allows to study not just about the stationary regime, widely studied in the literature, but also it makes possible to carry out a study of the transitory regime of the systems. It also presents a theoretical study about the validity of the conclusions obtained in the methodology. The behaviours of the system can be obtained automatically applying clustering algorithms and are expressed through a set of hierarchical rules obtained from genetics algorithms. The methodology has been applied to a couple of models, one of them is the interconnected pools model and the other a logistical growing model where a delay in the feedback curls has been incorporated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Modelos semicualitativos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Representación del conocimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Razonamiento cualitativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Semiqualitative models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Knowledge representation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Qualitative reasoning]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Metodolog&iacute;a Semicualitativa para Razonar sobre Sistemas Din&aacute;micos</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b><i>Semiqualitative Methodology to Reasoning about Dynamic Systems</i></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>J. A. Ortega<sup>1</sup>, R. M. Gasca<sup>1</sup>, J. Torres<sup>1</sup>, M. Toro<sup>1</sup>, L. Gonz&aacute;lez<sup>1</sup>, F. Velasco<sup>1</sup>, C. Angulo<sup>2</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1 </sup>Universidad de Sevilla. Av. Reina Mercedes s/n 41012 &#150; Sevilla (Spain) e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:ortega@lsi.us.es">ortega@lsi.us.es</a></i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup> Universidad Polit&eacute;cnica de Catalu&ntilde;a</i>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Art&iacute;culo recibido en enero 25, 2000    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Aceptado en noviembre 05, 2004 </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este art&iacute;culo se propone una metodolog&iacute;a para razonar sobre los modelos semicualitativos construidos para sistemas din&aacute;micos con conocimiento cualitativo y cuantitativo. La informaci&oacute;n cualitativa de estos sistemas puede componerse de: operadores cualitativos, etiquetas cualitativas, funciones de bandas y funciones continuas cualitativas. Se presenta un formalismo para incorporar esta informaci&oacute;n a los modelos. La metodolog&iacute;a propuesta permite estudiar no s&oacute;lo del r&eacute;gimen estacionario, ampliamente estudiado en la literatura, sino que adem&aacute;s posibilita realizar un estudio del r&eacute;gimen transitorio de los sistemas. Se presenta tambi&eacute;n un estudio te&oacute;rico sobre la validez de las conclusiones obtenidas la metodolog&iacute;a. Los comportamientos del sistema se pueden obtener autom&aacute;ticamente aplicando algoritmos de clustering y se expresan mediante un conjunto de reglas jer&aacute;rquicas obtenidas mediante algoritmos gen&eacute;ticos. La metodolog&iacute;a se ha aplicado a un par de modelos, siendo uno el modelo de dos estanques interconectados y otro un modelo de crecimiento log&iacute;stico donde se ha incorporado un retraso en el bucle de realimentaci&oacute;n. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>Modelos semicualitativos, Representaci&oacute;n del conocimiento, Razonamiento cualitativo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">In this article a methodology to reason over semiqualitative models built for dinamic systems with qualitative and quantitative knowledge is proposed. The qualitative information of these systems can be composed of: qualitative operators, qualitative labels, bands functions and qualitative continuous functions. A formalism to incorporate this information to the models is presented. The proposed methodology allows to study not just about the stationary regime, widely studied in the literature, but also it makes possible to carry out a study of the transitory regime of the systems. It also presents a theoretical study about the validity of the conclusions obtained in the methodology. The behaviours of the system can be obtained automatically applying clustering algorithms and are expressed through a set of hierarchical rules obtained from genetics algorithms. The methodology has been applied to a couple of models, one of them is the interconnected pools model and the other a logistical growing model where a delay in the feedback curls has been incorporated. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Semiqualitative models, Knowledge representation, Qualitative reasoning.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/cys/v8n3/v8n3a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Ap&eacute;ndice A</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este ap&eacute;ndice se demuestra el siguiente teorema:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Teorema: </b>Sea <i>p</i> la probabilidad de que una trayectoria <i>r </i>verifique una propiedad <i>Q, </i>el n&uacute;mero de trayectorias, y &alpha; el grado de confianza. La probabilidad p verifica que:</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Demostraci&oacute;n:</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La esperanza matem&aacute;tica <i>E</i>&#91;<i>x</i>&#93; de una variable aleatoria <i>x</i> se define como</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s2.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Realizando manipulaci&oacute;n simb&oacute;lica y sustituyendo la suma geom&eacute;trica por su valor se obtiene</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s3.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Por otro lado, y aplicando la desigualdad de Chevyshev</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s4.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">sustituyendo el sumatorio por su valor</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s5.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">por lo tanto se obtiene que</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s6.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">sustituyendo <i>E</i>&#91;<i>x</i>&#93; por su valor obtenido en (26), y si se aplica (14),</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s7.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">operando de manera simb&oacute;lica, se demuestra el teorema</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/cys/v8n3/a7s8.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En la bibliograf&iacute;a existen otras aproximaciones para intentar justificar la idoneidad de aplicar el m&eacute;todo de Monte Carlo a la hora de simular un conjunto de sistemas que evolucionan en el tiempo. En (Lagoa y Barmish, 2001) se realiza una aproximaci&oacute;n intentando demostrar la selecci&oacute;n que se hace, sin embargo, focaliz&aacute;ndolo en consideraciones sobre la robustez de la distribuci&oacute;n de Monte Carlo que se selecciona. En nuestro caso, demostramos que nuestra aproximaci&oacute;n es independiente del modelo de selecci&oacute;n que se haya elegido para aplicar el m&eacute;todo de selecci&oacute;n de valores, esto es, la distribuci&oacute;n particular elegida.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. <b>Adriaans P., y Zantinge D., </b>"Data Mining" <i>Addison Wesley Longman, </i>1996.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038306&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. <b>Agell N., Prats F., S&aacute;nchez M., Trav&eacute;&#150;Massuy&egrave;s L., </b>"A gateway from absolute to relative order of magnitude", <i>The 14<sup>th </sup>International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning, </i>2000, Morelia (M&eacute;xico).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038307&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. <b>Aguilar J., Riquelme J., y Toro M., </b>"Decision queue classifier for supervised learning using rotated hyperboxes", en <i>Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence </i>n&deg; 1484, 1998, pp. 326&#150;336.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038308&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. <b>Agrawal R., Lin K.I., Sawhney H.S., y Shim K., </b>"Fast similarity search in presence of noise, scaling, and translation in time series databases", en <i>The 21<sup>th</sup> VLDB Conference, </i>1995, Zurich (Switzerland).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038309&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. <b>Alefeld G. y Herzberger J., </b>"Introduction to Interval Computations", <i>Academic Press, </i>New York. 1983.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038310&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. <b>Aracil J., Ponce E., Pizarro L., </b>"Behavior patterns of logistic models with a delay", <i>en Mathematics and computer in simulation </i>44, 1997, pp. 123&#150;141.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038311&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. <b>Berleant D. y Kuipers B.J., </b>"Qualitative and quantitative simulation: bridging the gap" <i>en Artificial Intelligence </i>95, 1997, pp. 215&#150;255.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2038312&pid=S1405-5546200500010000700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. <b>Bonarini A. y G. 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