<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222020000300012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a180720</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The history of mining and mineral exploration in Panama: From Pre-Columbian gold mining to modern copper mining]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La historia de la minería y la exploración minera en Panamá: de la minería de oro precolombina a la minería moderno de cobre]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stewart D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consulting Economic Geologist  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Panama ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panama</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222020000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222020000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222020000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The history of mining and exploration in Panama is a case study of the evolution of mining in a tropical, island arc environment in the New World from prehistoric to modern times over a period of ~1900 years. Panama has a strong mineral endowment of gold (~984 t), and copper (~32 Mt) resulting in a rich mining heritage. The mining history can be divided into five periods. The first was the pre-Columbian period of gold mining from near the start of the Current Era at ~100 CE to 1501, following the introduced of gold metalwork fully fledged from Colombia. Mining of gold took place from placer and vein deposits in the Veraguas, Coclé, Northern Darien and Darien goldfields, together with copper for alloying. Panama was the first country on the mainland of the Americas to be mined by Europeans during the Spanish colonial period from 1501-1821. The pattern of gold rushes, conquest and settlement can be mapped from Spanish records, starting in Northern Darien then moving west to Panama in 1519 and Nata in 1522. From here, expeditions set out throughout Veraguas over the next century to the Veraguas (Concepción), Southern Veraguas, Coclé and Central Veraguas goldfields. Attention returned to Darien in ~1665 and led to the discovery of the Espíritu Santo de Cana gold mine, the most important gold mine to that date in the Americas. The third period was the Republican period following independence from Spain in 1821 to become part of the Gran Colombia alliance, and the formation of the Republic of Panama in 1903. This period up to ~1942 was characterized by mining of gold veins and placers, and manganese mining from 1871. Gold mining ceased during World War Two. The fourth period was the era of porphyry copper discoveries and systematic, regional geochemical exploration programs from 1956 to 1982, carried out mainly by the United Nations and the Panamanian government, as well as private enterprise. This resulted in the discovery of the giant porphyry copper deposits at Cerro Colorado (1957) and Petaquilla (Cobre Panama, 1968), as well as several other porphyry deposits, epithermal gold deposits and bauxite deposits. The exploration techniques for the discovery of copper were stream sediment and soil sampling, followed rapidly by drilling. The only mine developed in this period was marine black sands for iron ore (1971-1972). The fifth and current period is the exploration and development of modern gold and copper mines since 1985 by national and foreign companies, which started in response to the gold price rise. The main discovery methods for gold, which was not analyzed in the stream sediment surveys, were lithogeochemistry of alteration zones and reexamination of old mines. Gold mines were developed at Remance (1990-1998), Santa Rosa (1995-1999 with restart planned in 2020) and Molejon (2009-2014), and the Cobre Panama copper deposit started production in 2019. The level of exploration in the country is still immature and there is high potential for the discovery of new deposits.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La historia de la minería y la exploración en Panamá es un estudio de caso de la evolución de la minería en un ambiente tropical de arco insular en el Nuevo Mundo desde la prehistoria hasta los tiempos modernos durante un período de ~1900 años. Panamá tiene una fuerte dotación mineral de oro (~984 t) y cobre (~32 Mt), lo que resulta en un rico patrimonio minero. La historia minera se puede dividir en cinco períodos. El primero fue el período precolombino de extracción de oro desde cerca el inicio de la Era Común ~100 EC-1501 después de la introducción de la metalurgia de oro en toda regla desde Colombia. La extracción de oro se realizó a partir de depósitos de placer y vetas en los distritos auríferos de Veraguas, Coclé, Darién del Norte y Darién, junto con cobre para alear. Panamá fue el primer país en el continente de las Américas en ser explotado por los europeos durante el período colonial español de 1501-1821. El patrón de la fiebre del oro, la conquista y el asentamiento se puede mapear a partir de los registros españoles, comenzando en el norte de Darién y luego avanzando hacia el oeste hasta Panamá en 1519 y Natá en 1522. Desde aquí, las expediciones partieron por Veraguas durante el próximo siglo en los distritos auríferos de Veraguas (Concepción), sur de Veraguas, Coclé y el centro de Veraguas. La atención regresó a Darién en ~1665 y llevo al descubrimiento de Espíritu Santo de Cana, la mina de oro más importante hasta esa fecha en las Américas. El tercer período fue el período republicano después de la independencia de España en 1821 para formar parte de la alianza de Gran Colombia, y la formación de la República de Panamá en 1903. Este período hasta ~1942 se caracterizó por la minería de vetas y placeres de oro, y la minería de manganeso desde 1871. La minería de oro cesó durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El cuarto período fue la era de los descubrimientos de pórfidos de cobre y los programas sistemáticos de exploración geoquímica regional desde 1956 hasta 1982, llevados a cabo principalmente por las Naciones Unidas y el gobierno panameño, así como por la empresa privada. Esto resultó en el descubrimiento de los depósitos de pórfido de cobre gigantes en Cerro Colorado (1957) y Petaquilla (Cobre Panamá, 1968), así como en otros depósitos de pórfido, depósitos de oro epitermal y depósitos de bauxita. Las técnicas de exploración para el descubrimiento de cobre fueron el muestreo de sedimentos y suelos, y la perforación. La única mina desarrollada en este período fue de arenas negras marinas para mineral de hierro (1971-1972). El quinto y actual período es la exploración y desarrollo de minas modernas de oro y cobre desde 1985 por parte de compañías nacionales y extranjeras, que comenzaron en respuesta al aumento del precio del oro. Los principales métodos de descubrimiento de oro, que no se analizaron en los estudios de sedimentos de la corriente, fueron la litogeoquímica de las zonas de alteración y el reexamen de las antiguas minas. Las minas de oro se desarrollaron en El Remance (1990-1998), Santa Rosa (1995-1999 con reinicio planificado en 2020) y Molejón (2009-2014), y el depósito de cobre Cobre Panamá comenzó a producir en 2019. El nivel de exploración del país es aún inmaduro y existe un alto potencial para el descubrimiento de nuevos depósitos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epithermal gold]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[porphyry copper]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[manganese]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bauxite]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pre-Columbian mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Spanish colonial mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exploration methods]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[oro epitermal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pórfido de cobre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manganeso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bauxita]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[minería precolombina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[minería colonial española]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[técnicas de exploración]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modern Gold-Mining in the Darien. Notes on the Reopening of the Espiritu Santo Mine at Cana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transactions American Institution of Mining Engineers]]></source>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Darien Gold Mine, Panama]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Mining Magazine]]></source>
<year>1923</year>
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<source><![CDATA[Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and Adjoining Parts of Panama: Geology and Descriptions of Tertiary Molluscs (Gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae)]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<numero>306-A</numero>
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</article>
