<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222018000300611</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2018v70n3a3</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Titan2F code for lahar hazard assessment: derivation, validation and verification]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Código TITAN2F para evaluación de riesgo por lahares: derivación, validación y verificación]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Córdoba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheridan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruce]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Nariño Department of Civil Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pasto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Buffalo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buffalo NY]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Buffalo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buffalo NY]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>611</fpage>
<lpage>631</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000300611&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000300611&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000300611&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Debris flows, lahars, avalanches, landslides, and other geophysical mass flows can contain material in the order of O(106-1010) m3 or more. These flows commonly consist of a mixture of soil and rocks with a significant quantity of interstitial fluid. They can be tens of meters deep, and their runouts can extend many kilometers. The complicated rheology of such a mixture challenges every constitutive model that can reasonably be applied: The range of length and timescales involved in such mass flows challenge the computational capabilities of existing models. This paper extends recent efforts to develop a depth averaged &#8220;thin layer&#8221; model for geophysical mass flows that contain a mixture of solid material and fluid. Concepts from the engineering community are integrated with phenomenological findings in geoscience, resulting in a theory that accounts for the principal solid and fluid forces as well as interactions between the phases, across a wide range of solid volume fractions. A principal contribution here is to present drag and phase interaction terms that conform with the literature in geosciences. The Titan2F program predicts the evolution of the volumetric concentration of solids and dynamic pressure. The theory is validated with data from one-dimensional dam break solutions and with data from artificial channel experiments.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los flujos de escombros, lahares, avalanchas, deslizamientos y otros flujos de masa geofísicos, pueden contener material del orden de O(106-1010) m3 o más. Estos flujos consisten comúnmente en una mezcla de sólidos y rocas, con una cantidad significativa de fluido intersticial. Pueden tener decenas de metros de espesor y un alcance de muchos kilómetros. La reología complicada de esta mezcla desafía cualquier modelo constitutivo que pueda ser aplicado con solidez. El rango de longitudes y escalas de tiempo involucrados en estos flujos de masa desafía también las capacidades computacionales de los modelos existentes. Este trabajo extiende esfuerzos recientes para desarrollar modelos de &#8220;capas delgadas&#8221;, integrados en profundidad, para flujos de masa que contienen una mezcla de material sólido y fluido. Se integran conceptos ingenieriles con hallazgos fenomenológicos en las geociencias, que resultan en una teoría que tiene en cuenta las principales fuerzas de partículas y fluidos, así como las interacciones entre las fases a través de un amplio rango de fracciones volumétricas de sólidos. La principal contribución aquí, es presentar términos para el arrastre y la interacción entre fases, los cuales concuerdan con la literatura de las geociencias. El programa Titan2F predice la evolución de la concentración y presión dinámica. La teoría es validada con datos de soluciones unidimensionales para ruptura de presas y verificada con datos de experimentos de canales artificiales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lahar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[modeling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[depth averaging]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[two phase flow]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[debris flow]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dynamic pressure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lahar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[profundidad promedio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[flujo de dos fases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[flujo de escombros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[presión dinámica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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