<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222018000100133</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2018v70n1a8</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Colombian Caribbean mangrove dynamics: anthropogenic and environmental drivers]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Dinámica de los manglares del Caribe colombiano: agentes antopogénicos vs. ambientales]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urrego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ligia E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa-Metrio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>133</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000100133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000100133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000100133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract We review the main effects of sea level rise, salinity changes, and human disturbances on mangrove forest dynamics. The effects of these drivers on mangrove communities are evaluated at centennial time scales in the light of six palynological records from the Colombian Caribbean. Despite the accelerated rates of sea level rise, increases in sea surface and air temperatures, and decreases in precipitation of the last two centuries, mangroves have shown an increasing representation in pollen records at continental and marine locations of the region. In continental settings, such expansions have been related to the offsetting of sea levels by the increasing loads of fluvial sediments since 1850 AD, and by increases in autochthonous peat accumulation in San Andrés Island. Losses of mangrove cover in the past have been related to coastal erosion, regional droughts, and salinity increases. Such processes have commonly caused mangrove die-off or changes in forest species composition. When the substrate has become more saline, or sand sedimentation has increased significantly, the composition of mangrove communities has switched towards the dominance of Avicennia germinans at expenses of Rhizophora mangle. Resprout capacity of damaged stems of Avicennia germinans seems to have been the trait that has allowed this species to increase after strong and prolonged droughts, and occurrence of strong winds, tropical storms, and hurricanes. Human disturbances are represented either by the expansion of Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans and decreases of Rhizophora mangle, or by mangrove replacement by herbaceous vegetation (grasses or crops), especially the fern Acrostichum aureum. Around 1850 AD, mangroves and beach vegetation were replaced by coconut plantations in San Andrés Island, and in the Cispatá bay swampy areas were covered with rice crops. Although after 1900 AD these crops were abandoned because of a marine incursion, Laguncularia racemosa has prevailed so far indicating pervasive anthropogenic disturbances.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Se realizó una revisión de los efectos del incremento en el nivel del mar, los cambios en la salinidad y las perturbaciones humanas sobre la dinámica de los manglares. Los efectos de estos factores se analizaron a escalas seculares en seis registros palinológicos tomados en el Caribe Colombiano. A pesar del incremento acelerado en el nivel del mar, los incrementos en las temperaturas del mar y del aire y las disminuciones en la precipitación en los dos últimos siglos, los manglares han aumentado su representación en los registros de palinológicos en varios sitios de la región, ubicados tanto en el continente como en las islas oceánicas. Tal expansión de los manglares se asocia con su capacidad de mantener el substrato contrarrestando el incremento en el nivel mar con el aumento en las cargas de sedimentos aluviales, desde 1850 AD en los sitios continentales, y con el aumento en la acumulación de turba autóctona en los suelos de la isla de San Andrés. Las pérdidas de manglares en el pasado, se asociaron a la erosión costera, y/o al efecto combinado del incremento regional en las sequías y en la salinidad. Estos procesos han ocasionado la muerte de los manglares o cambios en la composición de especies. Cuando se incrementan la salinidad del substrato y la deposición de arenas, pasan de ser manglares dominados por Rhizophora mangle a los dominados por Avicennia germinans. La capacidad de rebrote de los tallos dañados de Avicennia germinans parece ser el rasgo que le ha permitido a esta especie expandirse después de la ocurrencia de sequías intensas y prolongadas y de vientos fuertes, tormentas tropicales y huracanes. Las perturbaciones humanas se representaron por la expansión de Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans a expensas de Rhizophora mangle, o por el reemplazo de la vegetación arbórea por vegetación herbácea (pastizales o cultivos) y especialmente dominada por el helecho Acrostichum aureum. Alrededor de 1850 AD, los manglares y al vegetación de playa fueron reemplazados por plantaciones de coco en la isla de San Andrés y en la bahía de Cispatá las áreas pantanosas fueron cubierta con cultivos de arroz. Aunque después de 1900 AD se abandonaron estos cultivos debido a una incursión marina, ha prevalecido la dominancia de Laguncularia racemosa en los registros de polen indicando la intervención humana permanente desde entonces.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mangrove forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Caribbean Sea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[salinity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[deforestation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drought]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sea level]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cambio climático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salinidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[deforestación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sequía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nivel del mar]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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