<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222018000100121</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2018v70n1a7</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Late Holocene environmental change in Lake Boquete and its watershed: human or natural causes?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cambio ambiental del Holoceno tardío en el lago Boquete y su vertiente: causas antrópicas o naturales?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Temoltzin-Loranca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yunuén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Regina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Regina ]]></addr-line>
<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Balboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panama</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Balboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panama</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>131</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000100121&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000100121&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222018000100121&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract A paleolimnological and environmental reconstruction of the volcanic Lake Boquete, in the northern highlands of Panama, was produced based on diatom, sediment, and charcoal analyses. The main aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the long-term anthropogenic effect in Lake Boquete and its watershed, a unique space (Gran Chiriquí region) where human occupation and nature have interacted since ~7000 yr BP (years Before Present). Our results indicate two main periods of environmental change. In the first period, from ~2840 to 1740 cal yr BP (calibrated years Before Present), the lake was under the influence of high-energy flow regimes and high erosion rates. Water pH was gradually changing from neutral to alkaline. There&#8217;s evidence of fires with four main events, some appear to be natural as indicated by the proxies, while others seem to be associated with anthropic causes most likely related to intense periods of cultivation; a particularly intense fire event is identified at ~2607 cal yr BP. We infer that during this period the lake and its watershed were under intense human impact. In the second period, from ~1740 to 197 cal yr BP, the lake was under a steady low-energy flow regime, submerged vegetation was more abundant, and pH became more acidic, fire events were less frequent. We infer that these conditions were the result of land abandonment due to human migration to the lowlands. Notwithstanding intense and frequent dry climate spells during the second period, Lake Boquete water levels were not affected, and thus, this record suggest that the main cause of environmental and limnological change in Lake Boquete and its watershed has been anthropogenic activities.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción paleolimnológica y ambiental de la Laguna Boquete, ubicada en las tierras altas del Norte de Panamá, dicha reconstrucción se hizo mediante análisis de diatomeas, sedimento y carbón. El propósito de este estudio es contribuir al entendimiento del efecto antropogénico en la laguna Boquete y su cuenca, un lugar único (región del desarrollo de La Gran Chiriquí) donde la naturaleza y los humanos han interactuado desde ~7000 años A.P. (Antes del Presente). Nuestros resultados indican dos principales periodos de cambio ambiental. En el primer periodo comprendido del ~2840 al 1740 años cal AP la laguna estuvo bajo la influencia de altos niveles de energía de transporte de sedimentos, tasas de erosión elevadas, y el pH en la columna de agua fue cambiando gradualmente de neutro a alcalino. Los incendios fueron constantes durante todo el periodo, con 4 eventos significativos, algunos provocados por causas naturales y otros por acciones antropogénicas, estos últimos relacionados con periodos intensos de agricultura. Un evento de fuego fue registrado ~2607 años cal A.P. Durante este primer periodo, se infiere que la laguna y su cuenca estuvieron siendo impactadas por actividades humanas. En el segundo periodo de ~1740 al 197 años cal A.P., la laguna se mantuvo en condiciones calmadas con un flujo de energía bajo (comparado al primer periodo), la vegetación fue más abundante y el pH tendió a ser más ácido; los eventos de fuego fueron menos frecuentes. Se infirió que estas condiciones fueron el resultado del abandonamiento de algunas tierras a causa de migraciones humanas hacia las tierras bajas. A pesar de los intensos y frecuentes episodios de clima seco durante el segundo periodo, los niveles de agua en la laguna Boquete no fueron afectados y por lo tanto, este registro sugiere que la principal causa del cambio ambiental y limnológico en el lago Boquete y su cuenca han sido las actividades antropogénicas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Paleolimnology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[late Holocene]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diatoms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[charcoal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sediment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Panama]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Paleolimnología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Holoceno tardío]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diatomeas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[carbón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sedimento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Panamá]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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