<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-2253</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[América Latina en la historia económica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Am. Lat. Hist. Econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-2253</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-22532024000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18232/20073496.1333</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Cultura do privilégio: entrave para o desenvolvimento econômico na América Latina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Culture of privilege: An obstacle for economic development in Latin America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moraes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isaías Albertin de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do ABC  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santo André ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-22532024000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-22532024000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-22532024000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para o entendimento dos entraves para um projeto de desenvolvimento econômico na América Latina contemporânea. A premissa elencada pela pesquisa é a de que os projetos e as estratégias desenvolvimentistas executados pelos governos vanguardistas nos países da América Latina sofrem de entraves e se tornam truncados em virtude, frequentemente, da cultura do privilégio presente na sociedade latino-americana. O artigo optou em realizar pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica pautada em leitura sintópica. Os resultados obtidos são de que, na América Latina, grande parte da elite dirigente carrega introjetada um desprezo pelo seu próprio povo &#8211;visto como subgente&#8211; e um fascínio e subalternidade perante o colonizador &#8211;economias centrais&#8211; visto como modelos de humanos e de civilização. Isso faz com que haja uma cultura do privilégio responsável por um horror social e fator relevante pelo entrave ao desenvolvimento econômico na região.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the obstacles to an economic development project in contemporary Latin America. The premise raised by the research is that the developmental projects and strategies carried out by vanguard governments in Latin American countries suffer from obstacles and become truncated due to the culture of privilege present in Latin American society. The article chose to conduct a bibliographical study based on the syntopical reading. The results obtained are that in Latin America a large part of the dominant elite carries introjected contempt for its own people &#8211;seen as subhumans&#8211; and a fascination and subordination towards the colonizer &#8211;central economies&#8211; seen as models of humans and civilization. This means that there is a culture of privilege responsible for a social horror and a relevant factor for the hindrance to economic development in the region.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desenvolvimento econômico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cultura do privilégio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[elites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sociedade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[culture of privilege]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[society]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agarwal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sway: Unravelling unconscious bias]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bloomsbury Sigma]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amsden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The rise of "The Rest": Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of corruption in a developing nation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Western Political Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>719-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Block]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Where do innovations come from?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Block]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[State of innovation: The US government&#8217;s role in technology development]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paradigm Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourdieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Outline of a theory of practice]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourdieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A economia das trocas simbólicas]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Perspectiva]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresser-Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desenvolvimento e crise no Brasil: História, economia e política de Getúlio Vargas a Lula]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora 34]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresser-Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modelos de estado desenvolvimentista]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Textos para Discussão da Escola de Economia de São Paulo da Fundação Getulio]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>412</numero>
<issue>412</issue>
<page-range>1-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresser-Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estado, Estado-Nação e formas de intermediação política]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Lua Nova]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>100</numero>
<issue>100</issue>
<page-range>155-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresser-Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The two forms of capitalism: Developmentalism and economic liberalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>680-703</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresser-Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Em busca do desenvolvimento perdido: Um projeto novo-desenvolvimentista para o Brasil]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundação Getulio Vargas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dissociative symptoms and trauma exposure: Specificity, affect dysregulation, and posttraumatic stress]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Nervous e Mental Disease]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>194</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>78-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buarque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Raízes do Brasil]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Companhia das Letras]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caciagli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Il clientelismo nel Terzo Mondo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>321-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M. De]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mandonismo, coronelismo, clientelismo: Uma discussão conceitual]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dados]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>229-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Centro de Estudios Distributivos Laborales y Sociales (cedlas)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Socio-economic database for Latin America and the Caribbean]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[cedlas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chutando a escada: A estratégia do desenvolvimento em perspectiva histórica]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal Paulista]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bad Samaritans: The guilty secrets of rich nations e the threat to global prosperity]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Randomn House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark: How development has disappeared from today&#8217;s 'development' discourse]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A ineficiência da desigualdade (LC/SES.37/4)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Panorama social da América Latina]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Poner fin a la violencia contra las mujeres y niñas y al femicidio o feminicidio: Reto clave para la construcción de una sociedad del cuidado]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Observatório de Igualdade de Gênero da América Latina e do Caribe (oig)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poliarquia: Participação e oposição]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edusp]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Tella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Para uma política latino-americana]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zahar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dornbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The macroeconomics of populism in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism in South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Research Review]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>190-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Embedded autonomy]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A aventura liberal numa ordem patrimonialista]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista USP]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
<page-range>14-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os donos do poder: Formação do patronato político brasileiro]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Globo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os donos do poder: formação do patronato político brasileiro]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>1, 2</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Globo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forrester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O horror econômico]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal Paulista]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fosu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Achieving development success: Strategies and lessons from developing world]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fosu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Development success: Historical accounts from more advanced countries]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freidenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La tentación populista. Una vía al poder en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Síntesis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O ego e os mecanismos de defesa]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Artmed]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fromm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The heart of man: Its genius for good and evil]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper e Row]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teoria e política do desenvolvimento econômico]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Abril cultura]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Os desafios da nova geração]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>483-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence, peace and peace research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>167-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cultural violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>291-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Généreux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O horror político: O horror não é econômico]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvatore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Caudillismos rioplatenses: Nuevas miradas a un viejo problema]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gramsci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cartas do Cárcere]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Civilização Brasileira]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenspan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The age of turbulence: Adventures in a New World]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las elites en América Latina: un comentario desde la perspectiva de la cooperación para el desarrollo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Birle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maihold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potthast]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Elites en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>125-36</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Iberoamericana/Vervuert]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hope]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Administrative corruption and administrative reform in developing States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corruption and Reform]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>127-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ianni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A formação do Estado populista na América Latina]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Civilização Brasileira]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exclusão includente e inclusão excludente: A nova forma de dualidade estrutural que objetiva as novas relações entre educação e trabalho]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Capitalismo, Trabalho e Educação]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>77-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazzarini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capitalismo de Laços: Os donos do Brasil e suas conexões]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lusting]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina y la persistencia de la desigualdade]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzucato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O Estado empreendedor: Desmascarando o mito do setor público vs. Setor privado]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Portfolio-Penguin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moraes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Interpretação do Desenvolvimento Dependente e Associado de Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mundo e Desenvolvimento: Revista do Instituto de Estudos Econômicos e Internacionais]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>30-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moraes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisitando o conceito de desenvolvimento econômico e a Escola de Pensamento do Desenvolvimentismo na Economia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>26-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moraes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibrahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tauil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[O pensamento de Celso Furtado sobre desenvolvimento econômico e capital externo no Brasil: Do Estado interventor-empreendedor ao Estado insurgente-vanguardista]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pesquisa e Debate]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>143-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[North]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Instituições. Mudança institucional e desempenho econômico]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Três Estrelas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Coronelismo, enxada e voto]]></source>
<year>1948</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Forense]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[O coronelismo e o coronelismo de cada um]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dados]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Como os países ricos ficaram ricos&#8230; E por que os países pobres continuam pobres]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Contraponto]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patrimonialismo e a Realidade latino-americana]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Documenta Histórica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growth strategies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durlauf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of economic growth]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>967-1014</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[North-Holland]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[One economics, many recipes: Globalization, institutions, and economic growth]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakurai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political theories of narcissism: Towards self-reflection on knowledge and politics from the psychoanalytic perspectives of Erich Fromm and Fujita Sh&#333;z&#333;. Münster]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LIT Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fischer-Länderkunde. Lateinamerika]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. Dos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Socialismo ou fascismo: O novo caráter da dependência]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Insular]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmiento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Facundo o civilización y barbarie]]></source>
<year>1952</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sopena]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os sentidos do lulismo: Reforma gradual e pacto conservador]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Companhia das Letras]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Elite do Atraso: Da escravidão à Lava Jato]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Leya]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Subcidadania brasileira: Para entender o país além do jeitinho brasileiro]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Leya]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sunkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Em busca del desarrollo perdido]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Economía]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>147</numero>
<issue>147</issue>
<page-range>13-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theobald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the survival of patronage in developed societies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives Européennes de Sociologie]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>183-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A statistical profile on violence against children in Latin America and the Caribbean: Data on three forms of violence against children in the region]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[unicef]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations Development Programme</collab>
<source><![CDATA[From commitment to action: Policies to end violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Women Empowerment]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estudo global sobre homicídios]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[unodc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van der Kolk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pelcovitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McFarlane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation of trauma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Journal of Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>153</numero>
<issue>153</issue>
<page-range>83-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A humilhação nacional como instrumento de construção da identidade e da estabilidade política na China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Diálogos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>128-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Governing the market: Economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialization]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Werz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las elites y el extranjero. Herodianismo-Latinoamericanismo-Globalización]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Elites en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>197-228</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Iberoamericana/Vervuert]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Caste: The origins of our discontents]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williamson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The economic institutions of capitalism]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Economic Forum</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global Social Mobility Index 2020: Why economies benefit from fixing inequality]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Economic Forum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
