<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0301-7036</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Problemas del desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Prob. Des]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0301-7036</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0301-70362023000300159</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2023.214.69995</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Does US trade liberalization explain Puerto Rico&#8217;s deindustrialization?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿La liberalización comercial de Estados Unidos explica la desindustrialización de Puerto Rico?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Puerto Rico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>214</numero>
<fpage>159</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0301-70362023000300159&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0301-70362023000300159&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0301-70362023000300159&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper studies the possible role of US trade liberalization in explaining Puerto Rico&#8217;s deindustrialization. In order to address this issue, time series techniques were used. The results of the Granger Causality Test suggest that the imports made by the US from Mexico, Canada, Ireland, and Costa Rica do not explain Puerto Rico&#8217;s deindustrialization. Therefore, no causal relationship was found between the imports made by the US from its NAFTA partners and the countries where the corporations that benefited from Section 936 relocated with the deindustrialization of Puerto Rico. Besides, the impulse response exercise suggests that in the first period, deindustrialization explains its variability by 100%, and in the final period, it explains 95.47%.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este trabajo estudia el posible papel de la liberalización comercial de Estados Unidos en la desindustrialización de Puerto Rico. Para alcanzar el objetivo, fueron usadas técnicas de serie de tiempo. Los resultados de la prueba de causalidad de Granger sugieren que las importaciones a Estados Unidos de México, Canadá, Irlanda y Costa Rica no explican la desindustrialización de Puerto Rico. Por lo tanto, no se encontró una relación causal entre las importaciones a Estados Unidos de sus socios del TLCAN y de los países donde se reubicaron las corporaciones que se beneficiaron de la Sección 936 con la desindustrialización de Puerto Rico. Además, el ejercicio de impulso respuesta sugiere que, en el primer periodo, la desindustrialización explica su variabilidad en 100%, mientras al final del periodo lo hace en 95.47%.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international trade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[liberalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[deindustrialization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Puerto Rico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comercio internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[liberalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[deindustrialización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Puerto Rico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candelo-Viáfara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oviedo-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto derrame del mercado internacional en las economías latinoamericanas: Los casos de Chile, Brasil, Colombia y México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Apuntes del CENES]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caraballo-Cueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of current population databases on Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Population and Environment]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caraballo-Cueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The economy of disasters? Puerto Rico before and after Hurricane Maria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro Journal]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caraballo-Cueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deindustrialization and unsustainable debt in middle-income countries: The case of Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Globalization and Development]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dufour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taamouti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short and long run causality measures: Theory and inference]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>154</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Exports of Goods: Manufactured Commodities for Puerto Rico]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Imports of Goods by Customs Basis from NAFTA with Canada]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Imports of Goods by Customs Basis from NAFTA with Mexico]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[All Employees: Manufacturing in Puerto Rico]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Imports of Goods by Customs Basis from Costa Rica. FRED]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Imports of Goods by Customs Basis from Ireland]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feliciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[IRS Section 936 and the decline of Puerto Rico&#8217;s manufacturing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro Journal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Götz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hecq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smeekes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testing for Granger causality in large mixed-frequency VARs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>193</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. W. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gujarati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Econometría]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamilton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Time Series Analysis]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Econometric causality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Statistical Review]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khanna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of Macroeconomic Variables on the capital structure decisions of Indian firms: A Vector Error Correction Model/Vector Autoregressive Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khanssa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mourad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An econometric analysis of inflation and unemployment in Lebanon: A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Economics and Finance]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konstantakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michaelides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vouldia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non performing loans (NPLs) in a crisis economy: Long-run equilibrium analysis with a real time VEC model for Greece (2001-2015)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physica A]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>451</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Más allá de las expectativas pendulares: la crisis mexicana y el reto del TLC]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Caribbean Studies]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desarrollo productivo e inserción externa]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Máttar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Globalización y desarrollo: desafíos de Puerto Rico frente al siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>99-162</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Organización de las Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawrence]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade performance and industrial policy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosworth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto-Class]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Economy of Puerto Rico: Restoring Growth]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>507-63</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for the New Economy, Brookings Institution Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dependencia de la economía de Puerto Rico: un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de Insumo-Producto (1972-1987)]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identify the equilibrium of residential construction output: A vector error correction model approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maddala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introducción a la Econometría]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desempeño económico, incentivos fiscales y marco institucional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Máttar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Globalización y desarrollo: desafíos de Puerto Rico frente al siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>3398</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Organización de las Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawaldar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modelling market indices, commodity market prices and stock prices of energy sector using VAR with variance decomposition model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meléndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The economics of PROMESA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro Journal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Econometría]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nugraha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, and household expenditure for Indonesia: Evidence from cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The global transmission effects of the financial crises: GVAR approach]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Río Piedras ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Puerto Rico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pantojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic integration and Caribbean identity: Convergences and divergences]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Caribbean Studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñones-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Review of book Normalización de relaciones entre Cuba y los Estados Unidos: Retos y oportunidades para Puerto Rico, by R. R. Alegría, F. Cué, and G. Vélez]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Caribbean Studies]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1/2</numero>
<issue>1/2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñones-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seda-Irizarry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wealth extraction, governmental servitude, and social disintegration in colonial Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New Politics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñones-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seda-Irizarry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The self-inflicted dimensions of Puerto Rico&#8217;s fiscal crisis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñones-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seda-Irizarry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La economía política del Puerto Rico contemporáneo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burchardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[(Post) colonialismo a prueba. Cuba, Puerto Rico y las Filipinas desde una perspectiva comparada]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>161-81</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Gedisa, S. A]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efectos de las políticas de austeridad en la economía y el trabajo en Puerto Rico, 2006-2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Caribbean Studies]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La hipótesis de la neutralidad del dinero en México: un análisis de series de tiempo para el periodo, 1980-1994]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis de la economía de Puerto Rico con un modelo de vectores autorregresivos y cointegración]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>11</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alemar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efectos reales de impulsos tecnológicos: el caso de Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Económicos]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efectos de la Tasa de los Fondos Federales de los Estados Unidos en una economía pequeña, abierta y dolarizada: el caso de Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trimestre Económico]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trade dependence or interdependence in NAFTA? An InputOutput Analysis]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Río Piedras ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Puerto Rico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The trade dependence of Mexico and Canada towards the USA: An Input-Output Approach (1965-1990)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Económicos]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos-Lozada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaneshiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCarter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marazzi-Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Puerto Rico exodus: long-term economic headwinds prove stronger than Hurricane Maria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Population and Environment]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serletis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Common stochastic trends and convergence of European Union Stocks markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahbaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bibi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loganathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multivariate granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy intensity and economic growth in Portugal: Evidence from cointegration and causality analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technological and Economic Development of Economy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sims]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Money, income, and causality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Foreign direct investment and manufacturing growth: the case of tax incentives in Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Modern Economy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villamil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Puerto Rico 1948-1976: los límites del crecimiento dependiente]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villamil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capitalismo transnacional y desarrollo nacional]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<page-range>280-300</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
