<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0301-7036</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Problemas del desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Prob. Des]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0301-7036</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0301-70362020000400111</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2020.203.69534</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Concentración de la riqueza en América Latina en el siglo XXI]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Concentration of wealth in Latin America in the 21st century]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarco Tosoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Pacífico Centro de Investigación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Pacífico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>203</numero>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>136</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0301-70362020000400111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0301-70362020000400111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0301-70362020000400111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El artículo presenta la magnitud de la riqueza de las diferentes economías de América Latina y el proceso de concentración de ésta hacia los billonarios (superricos) y los tramos más altos en perjuicio de los pequeños ricos, las clases medias-altas y medias -a excepción de Chile, Perú y otras economías-. Si bien América Latina tiene una elevada concentración de la riqueza, su coeficiente Gini es menor al del resto de las regiones del mundo. En el periodo de estudio se registra una clara tendencia creciente en la concentración de la riqueza de la región y el mundo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The article illustrates the degree of wealth in various Latin American economies and the process of wealth concentration towards billionaires (super-rich) and the highest economic strata to the detriment of the affluent, the upper-middle classes, and the middle classes -with the exception of Chile, Peru, and several other economies. Although Latin America has a high concentration of wealth, its Gini coefficient is lower than that of other regions of the world. A clear upward trend in the concentration of wealth in the region and the world can be seen throughout the period analyzed.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[distribución de la riqueza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[concentración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[riqueza productiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[coeficiente de Gini]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[billionarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[D31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[D33]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[E25]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[N36]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[distribution of wealth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[concentration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[productive wealth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gini coefficient]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[billionaires]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Participación salarial y crecimiento económico en América Latina 1950-2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista CEPAL]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>113</numero>
<issue>113</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ciclos distributivos y crecimiento económico en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Economía]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>72</numero>
<issue>72</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mergers and acquisitions in Latin America 1990-2014: factorial distribution and contractionary impacts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Metroeconomica]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leiva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Riqueza y desigualdad en el Perú: visión panorámica]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lima ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OXFAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvaredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent trends in inequality and poverty in developing countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Income Distribution]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvaredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chancel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piketty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zucman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre la desigualdad global 2018]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Libros Grano de Sal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Báez Melián]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los efectos de la política fiscal sobre la desigualdad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Mundial]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>49</numero>
<issue>49</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The changing wealth of nations 2011]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The changing wealth of nations 2018: Building a sustainable future]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World development indicators]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourguignon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La globalización de la desigualdad]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CEPAL</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La ineficiencia de la desigualdad 2018. Trigésimo séptimo periodo de sesiones de la CEPAL]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Naciones Unidas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Credit Suisse</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global Wealth Databook 2010]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Zurich, Switzerland ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shorrocks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The distribution of wealth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourguignon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Income Distribution]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Holanda ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North Holland]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shorrocks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The level and distribution of global household wealth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<numero>551</numero>
<issue>551</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Rosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wealth accumulation and its distribution in Uruguay: First estimates of the untold half of story]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paris School of Economics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[International Financial Statistics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Monetary Fund]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Forbes</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Forbes world's billionaires list]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Forbes]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Forbes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Foro Económico Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The global risks report 2018]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneve ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FEM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giffen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Statistics]]></source>
<year>1913</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldsmith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The national wealth of the United States in the postwar period]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princenton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desigualdad, concentración del ingreso y tributación sobre las altas rentas en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEPAL]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The wealth report: The global perspective on prime property and investment]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Knight Frank Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Declining inequality in Latin America, a decade of progress?]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brookings Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milanovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desigualdad mundial. Un nuevo enfoque para la era de la globalización]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OCDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsangarides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ch.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Redistribution, inequality, and growth]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OXFAM</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Una economía al servicio del 1%]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piketty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El capital en el siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piketty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capital e ideología]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Planeta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piketty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Income inequality in the United States 1913-1998]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quaterly Journal of Economic]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford Academic]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldenström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-run trends in the distribution of income and wealth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourguignon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Income Distribution]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2A</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Holanda ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North Holland]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zucman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solimano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is inequality really declining in Latin America? Evidence on income, wealth and the social structure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Mundial]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>43</numero>
<issue>43</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trueba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remuzgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolution of inequality in Latin America (1980-2014)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Mundial]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Huelva]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
