<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0301-5092</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Veterinaria México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Vet. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0301-5092</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0301-50922011000400004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Genotoxicidad de la furazolidona y la forma libre de su metabolito 3-amino-2-oxazolidona, mediante la prueba de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Genotoxicity of furazolidone and the free form of the metabolite: 3-amino-2-oxazolidone, based on human lymphocytes micronucleus test]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barragán Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evaristo Álvaro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera Montalvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Alonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocampo Camberos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sumano López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría de Salud Instituto Nacional de Cancerología Laboratorio de Citogenética]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>289</fpage>
<lpage>298</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0301-50922011000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0301-50922011000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0301-50922011000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The aim of this trial was to assess the genotoxic effects of the main metabolite of furazolidone (3-amino-2-oxazolidone-AOZ), which is usually protein-bound (PB-AOZ). Because PB-AOZ is not available as a tool for biomedical research, the synthetic free form of AOZ (F-AOZ) was used to challenge human lymphocytes in the genotoxic quantification test of induced micronuclei on human lymphocytes. The level of exposure of lymphocytes to F-AOZ was calculated by determining the residual quantity of the Bg-AOZ (from liver and muscle) by HPLC, derived from broilers fed furazolidone included at 0.11% and 0.22% in feed, and allowing a seven day withdrawal time. Then F-AOZ and furazolidone as positive genotoxic group were added at various concentrations higher than the residual level indication to the in vitro preparations diluted both in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as follows: for furazolidone (FZD) groups of 10 &#956;M (225 mg/g), 1.0 &#956;M (225 mg/g), 0.1 &#956;M (22.5 mg/g), and 0.001 &#956;M (0.225 mg/g), as well as a negative control group and positive control with DMSO 10-3 M (0.130 mg/g) and arsenic 10-3 M (0.747 mg/g), respectively; for F-AOZ 0.01 &#956;M (1.020 mg/g); 0.102 &#956;M; 0.0005 &#956;M (0.051 mg/g); and 0.0001 &#956;M (0.001 mg/g) were tested, having the same controls groups as for FZD. Results show that furazolidone from 10.0 &#956;M through 0.1 &#956;M possesses a well defined genotoxic effect. Association frequency, relative risk and ANOVA test showed a statistically significant effect vs the negative control group (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). For F-AOZ the same statistical tests showed that only 0.01 &#956;M was capable of inducing a genotoxic effect. These results suggest that furazolidone as parent compound is potentially capable of inducing genotoxicity in consumers. In contrast, only the highest concentration of F-AOZ was shown to induce a similar effect. Yet this concentration is well above the expected residual concentration after a 7-day withdrawal period. These results do not support the use of furazolidone in humans as it is now accepted and reveals that F-AOZ is a considerably lower hazard to public health than the parent compound. Yet, lack of evidence of the effect of bound-AOZ in a similar setting precludes further comparisons, but these results suggest that it seems unlikely that PB-AOZ is a real risk to public health. Further studies are warranted.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos genotóxicos del metabolito principal de la furazolidona 3-amino-2-oxazolidona (AOZ) que usualmente se encuentra unido a la proteína (AOZ-UP). Debido a que no se dispone para investigación biomédica de AOZ-UP, se utilizó la forma libre de AOZ (AOZ-L) como desafío genotóxico por medio de la técnica de cuantificación de micronúcleos inducidos en linfocitos humanos. El nivel de exposición de linfocitos a AOZ-libre fue establecido con base en la determinación por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) de los residuos de AOZ-UP encontrados en músculo e hígado de pollos, producidos en forma comercial, expuestos a furazolidona (FZD) por medio del alimento a dosis de 0.11% y 0.22%, permitiendo un tiempo de retiro de 7 días. Se conformaron dos grupos furazolidona (FZD) con las siguientes concentraciones de 10 &#956;M (225 mg/g), 1 &#956;M (225 mg/g), 0.1 &#956;M (22.5 mg/g), y 0.001 &#956;M (0.225 mg/g), así como el grupo testigo negativo sulfoxido de dimetilo (DMSO) 10-3 &#956;M (0.130 mg/g) y el testigo positivo arsénico 10-3 &#956;M (0.747 mg/g). Para AOZ-libre las concentraciones fueron 0.01 &#956;M (1.020 mg/g); 0.001 &#956;M (0.102 mg/g); 0.0005 &#956;M (0.051 mg/g); y 0.0001 &#956;M (0.001 mg/g) con los mismos grupos testigo. Los resultados muestran que la furazolidona a concentraciones de 1.0 &#956;M y 0.1 &#956;M posee un efecto genotóxico bien definido. El grado de asociación se calculó por medio del riesgo relativo y prueba de ANDEVA, que mostró el efecto estadísticamente significativo al compararlo con el grupo testigo negativo (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 y P = 0.04, respectivamente). Para AOZ-L las mismas pruebas estadísticas mostraron que sólo la concentración 0.01 &#956;M era capaz de inducir un efecto genotóxico. Estos resultados sugieren que la furazolidona como sal pura es potencialmente capaz de inducir efectos genotóxicos en humanos, en los que no se apoya su uso. En contraste, sólo la concentración más alta de AOZ-L mostró un efecto similar, pero dicha concentración es mayor que la encontrada como residual a los siete días de retiro y puede considerársele como un peligro mucho menor para la salud pública que el compuesto progenitor. Dada la falta de evidencia científica del efecto genotóxico del AOZ-UP no se pueden realizar comparaciones adicionales con lo obtenido aquí para AOZ-L, pero parecería poco probable calificar a los residuos de AOZ-UP como peligros reales para la salud pública, por lo que se requieren pruebas adicionales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[furazolidone]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[3-amine-2-oxazolidone]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[residues]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genotoxicity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[human lymphocytes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[micronucleus test]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[furazolidona]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[3-amino-2-oxazolidona]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[residuos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[genotoxicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[limfocitos humanos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prueba de micronucleos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos cient&iacute;ficos</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Genotoxicidad de la furazolidona y la forma libre de su metabolito 3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidona, mediante la prueba de micron&uacute;cleos en linfocitos humanos</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Genotoxicity of furazolidone and the free form of the metabolite: 3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidone, based on human lymphocytes micronucleus test</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Evaristo &Aacute;lvaro Barrag&aacute;n Hern&aacute;ndez<sup>*</sup> Luis Alonso Herrera Montalvo<sup>*</sup> Luis Ocampo Camberos<sup>**</sup> H&eacute;ctor Sumano L&oacute;pez<sup>***</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><b><sup>* </sup></b>Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud P&uacute;blica, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><b><sup>** </sup></b>Laboratorio de Citogen&eacute;tica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog&iacute;a, Secretar&iacute;a de Salud.</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><b><sup>***</sup></b> Departamento de Fisiolog&iacute;a y Farmacolog&iacute;a Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Responsable de correspondencia:    <br> </b><i>H&eacute;ctor Sumano</i>.    <br> Correo electr&oacute;nico: <a href="mailto:sumano@servidor.unam.mx">sumano@servidor.unam.mx</a>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 25 de octubre de 2010.    <br> Aceptado el 21 de mayo de 2011.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The aim of this trial was to assess the genotoxic effects of the main metabolite of furazolidone (3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidone&#150;AOZ), which is usually protein&#150;bound (PB&#150;AOZ). Because PB&#150;AOZ is not available as a tool for biomedical research, the synthetic free form of AOZ (F&#150;AOZ) was used to challenge human lymphocytes in the genotoxic quantification test of induced micronuclei on human lymphocytes. The level of exposure of lymphocytes to F&#150;AOZ was calculated by determining the residual quantity of the Bg&#150;AOZ (from liver and muscle) by HPLC, derived from broilers fed furazolidone included at 0.11% and 0.22% in feed, and allowing a seven day withdrawal time. Then F&#150;AOZ and furazolidone as positive genotoxic group were added at various concentrations higher than the residual level indication to the in vitro preparations diluted both in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as follows: for furazolidone (FZD) groups of 10 &mu;M (225 mg/g), 1.0 &mu;M (225 mg/g), 0.1 &mu;M (22.5 mg/g), and 0.001 &mu;M (0.225 mg/g), as well as a negative control group and positive control with DMSO 10&#150;3 M (0.130 mg/g) and arsenic 10&#150;3 M (0.747 mg/g), respectively; for F&#150;AOZ 0.01 &mu;M (1.020 mg/g); 0.102 &mu;M; 0.0005 &mu;M (0.051 mg/g); and 0.0001 &mu;M (0.001 mg/g) were tested, having the same controls groups as for FZD. Results show that furazolidone from 10.0 &mu;M through 0.1 &mu;M possesses a well defined genotoxic effect. Association frequency, relative risk and ANOVA test showed a statistically significant effect vs the negative control group (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). For F&#150;AOZ the same statistical tests showed that only 0.01 &mu;M was capable of inducing a genotoxic effect. These results suggest that furazolidone as parent compound is potentially capable of inducing genotoxicity in consumers. In contrast, only the highest concentration of F&#150;AOZ was shown to induce a similar effect. Yet this concentration is well above the expected residual concentration after a 7&#150;day withdrawal period. These results do not support the use of furazolidone in humans as it is now accepted and reveals that F&#150;AOZ is a considerably lower hazard to public health than the parent compound. Yet, lack of evidence of the effect of bound&#150;AOZ in a similar setting precludes further comparisons, but these results suggest that it seems unlikely that PB&#150;AOZ is a real risk to public health. Further studies are warranted.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words: </b>furazolidone, 3&#150;amine&#150;2&#150;oxazolidone, residues, genotoxicity, human lymphocytes, micronucleus test.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos genot&oacute;xicos del metabolito principal de la furazolidona 3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidona (AOZ) que usualmente se encuentra unido a la prote&iacute;na (AOZ&#150;UP). Debido a que no se dispone para investigaci&oacute;n biom&eacute;dica de AOZ&#150;UP, se utiliz&oacute; la forma libre de AOZ (AOZ&#150;L) como desaf&iacute;o genot&oacute;xico por medio de la t&eacute;cnica de cuantificaci&oacute;n de micron&uacute;cleos inducidos en linfocitos humanos. El nivel de exposici&oacute;n de linfocitos a AOZ&#150;libre fue establecido con base en la determinaci&oacute;n por cromatograf&iacute;a l&iacute;quida de alta resoluci&oacute;n (CLAR) de los residuos de AOZ&#150;UP encontrados en m&uacute;sculo e h&iacute;gado de pollos, producidos en forma comercial, expuestos a furazolidona (FZD) por medio del alimento a dosis de 0.11% y 0.22%, permitiendo un tiempo de retiro de 7 d&iacute;as. Se conformaron dos grupos furazolidona (FZD) con las siguientes concentraciones de 10 &mu;M (225 mg/g), 1 &mu;M (225 mg/g), 0.1 &mu;M (22.5 mg/g), y 0.001 &mu;M (0.225 mg/g), as&iacute; como el grupo testigo negativo sulfoxido de dimetilo (DMSO) 10&#150;3 &mu;M (0.130 mg/g) y el testigo positivo ars&eacute;nico 10&#150;3 &mu;M (0.747 mg/g). Para AOZ&#150;libre las concentraciones fueron 0.01 &mu;M (1.020 mg/g); 0.001 &mu;M (0.102 mg/g); 0.0005 &mu;M (0.051 mg/g); y 0.0001 &mu;M (0.001 mg/g) con los mismos grupos testigo. Los resultados muestran que la furazolidona a concentraciones de 1.0 &mu;M y 0.1 &mu;M posee un efecto genot&oacute;xico bien definido. El grado de asociaci&oacute;n se calcul&oacute; por medio del riesgo relativo y prueba de ANDEVA, que mostr&oacute; el efecto estad&iacute;sticamente significativo al compararlo con el grupo testigo negativo (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 y P = 0.04, respectivamente). Para AOZ&#150;L las mismas pruebas estad&iacute;sticas mostraron que s&oacute;lo la concentraci&oacute;n 0.01 &mu;M era capaz de inducir un efecto genot&oacute;xico. Estos resultados sugieren que la furazolidona como sal pura es potencialmente capaz de inducir efectos genot&oacute;xicos en humanos, en los que no se apoya su uso. En contraste, s&oacute;lo la concentraci&oacute;n m&aacute;s alta de AOZ&#150;L mostr&oacute; un efecto similar, pero dicha concentraci&oacute;n es mayor que la encontrada como residual a los siete d&iacute;as de retiro y puede consider&aacute;rsele como un peligro mucho menor para la salud p&uacute;blica que el compuesto progenitor. Dada la falta de evidencia cient&iacute;fica del efecto genot&oacute;xico del AOZ&#150;UP no se pueden realizar comparaciones adicionales con lo obtenido aqu&iacute; para AOZ&#150;L, pero parecer&iacute;a poco probable calificar a los residuos de AOZ&#150;UP como peligros reales para la salud p&uacute;blica, por lo que se requieren pruebas adicionales.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>furazolidona, 3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidona, residuos, genotoxicidad, limfocitos humanos, prueba de micronucleos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se ha objetado el uso de nitrofuranos en animales productivos en todo el mundo.<sup>1&#150;5</sup> Por ejemplo, la (FDA) Food and Drug Administration de los Estados Unidos de Am&eacute;rica considera que se debe prohibir su comercializaci&oacute;n dado que pueden generar residuos carcinog&eacute;nicos en tejidos animales.<sup>1&#150;6</sup> El denominado <i>Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives </i>(JEFCA) los considera genot&oacute;xicos y capaces de aumentar la incidencia de tumores malignos en ratones y ratas.<sup>7</sup> De tal suerte que el uso de dicha familia de antibacterianos para la producci&oacute;n de alimentos ha sido prohibido por la mayor&iacute;a de los mercados importadores de alimentos. No obstante, el JEFCA puntualiza que la informaci&oacute;n sobre el efecto potencial carcinog&eacute;nico de los metabolitos de los nitrofuranos, por ejemplo de la furazolidona y en particular del metabolito 3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidona (AOZ), es incompleta, por lo que se requiere determinar si los residuos ligados a prote&iacute;nas (AOZ&#150;UP) son en realidad genot&oacute;xicos<sup>.8&#150;14</sup> Desafortunadamente no hay formas de AOZ&#150;UP disponibles para investigaci&oacute;n. Se postula que pueden interferir con la seguridad alimentaria dado que pueden persistir en el animal destinado al consumo humano o sus productos por largos periodos despu&eacute;s de finalizar el tratamiento, y porque existe el potencial de que, con la digesti&oacute;n, sean liberados de la prote&iacute;na con la que vienen unidos, dando lugar a formas potencialmente t&oacute;xicas.<sup>15,16</sup> En contraste, hay evidencia que indica una baja toxicidad y genot&oacute;xica del AOZ&#150;UP.<sup>15</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Aunque es evidente que existen dos corrientes de pensamiento con respecto a la peligrosidad de los nitrofuranos, el <i>Codex Alimentarius </i>no ha establecido un valor de ingesti&oacute;n diaria admisible (IDA), lo que ha generado que se propongan criterios a menudo extremos. Por ejemplo, para la Uni&oacute;n Europea, el l&iacute;mite de detecci&oacute;n exigido para aceptar resultados anal&iacute;ticos es como m&aacute;ximo 1 ng/g (1 ppb) y se le denomina: l&iacute;mite m&iacute;nimo de funcionamiento exigido. Si un m&eacute;todo anal&iacute;tico no alcanza esta sensibilidad, no se le considera apto. En cuanto a Ridascreen&reg;,<sup><a href="#notas">*</a></sup> es una prueba cuantitativa comercial basada en inmunoensayo que puede detectar 10 ppt (0.01 ppb). En contraste con la cifra anterior, en las pruebas de genotoxicidad en animales de laboratorio se utilizan dosis o concentraciones mucho m&aacute;s altas de estos potenciales carcin&oacute;genos y durante periodos de exposici&oacute;n relativamente cortos. Esto ha generado especulaciones sobre el valor predictivo del riesgo para los humanos expuestos a dosis mucho m&aacute;s bajas y durante periodos de exposici&oacute;n a menudo intermitente y de duraci&oacute;n muy variable. En ese sentido, cabe destacar a la prueba de micron&uacute;cleos en linfocitos humanos. En esta prueba se utilizan linfocitos como marcadores de genotoxicidad y se extrapola, aparentemente con mayor certeza, a poblaciones humanas expuestas a xenobi&oacute;ticos.<sup>17</sup> Esta prueba se basa en el rompimiento cromos&oacute;mico, mutaciones heredables o inducci&oacute;n de mutaciones gen&eacute;ticas.<sup>18</sup> Esto es, los micron&uacute;cleos son fragmentos de cromosomas o cromosomas completos aislados debido a una divisi&oacute;n mit&oacute;tica o mei&oacute;tica err&oacute;nea que de manera espont&aacute;nea quedan fuera del n&uacute;cleo. Su presencia se incrementa significativamente cuando el organismo a estudiar se expone a agentes clast&oacute;genos y aneuploidog&eacute;nicos, que ingresan a las c&eacute;lulas hijas despu&eacute;s de la citocinesis.<sup>19&#150;20</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Dada la aparente discrepancia en la informaci&oacute;n con lo que respecta a la genotoxicidad de los residuos de metabolitos de furazolidona (principalmente 3&#150;amino&#150;2&#150;oxazolidona &#91;AOZ&#93;, libre o unida a prote&iacute;nas), se consider&oacute; necesario realizar un ensayo para evaluar el potencial que este metabolito en forma libre puede tener al respecto, y su comparaci&oacute;n con el f&aacute;rmaco progenitor (furazolidona), utilizando una de las pruebas m&aacute;s sensibles: micron&uacute;cleos en linfocitos humanos, pero a concentraciones iniciales encontradas en v&iacute;sceras y carne de pollo de engorda expuestos a dosis altas no t&oacute;xicas de furazolidona por largos periodos y elevando dichas concentraciones en m&uacute;ltiplos de log<sub>10</sub>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Material y m&eacute;todo </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se emplearon 300 pollos de la estirpe Ross 308, divididos en tres grupos de 100 pollos cada uno. Las aves se sometieron a un ciclo de producci&oacute;n de forma convencional; a un grupo se le medic&oacute; inicialmente 28 d&iacute;as con dosis de 110 g de furazolidona/ton de alimento, y un segundo grupo se medic&oacute; a dosis de 220 g de furazolidona/ton de alimento por 10 d&iacute;as; se mantuvieron las dosis de 55g/ton en ambos grupos hasta la sexta semana de edad. Se form&oacute; un grupo testigo no medicado, manejado de la misma manera que los dem&aacute;s. Siete d&iacute;as antes del sacrificio se retir&oacute; el alimento medicado en ambos grupos.<sup>21</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Una vez concluido el ciclo productivo de las aves de los 3 grupos se les sacrific&oacute; por m&eacute;todos f&iacute;sicos de acuerdo con la NOM&#150;009&#150;Z00&#150;1994<sup>22</sup> y se obtuvieron muestras de masa muscular de pierna e h&iacute;gado. Se les identific&oacute; y congel&oacute; a &#150;20&deg;C hasta su an&aacute;lisis. De cada grupo se muestrearon aleatoriamente 50 aves, incluyendo el grupo testigo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La t&eacute;cnica anal&iacute;tica se bas&oacute; en cromatograf&iacute;a l&iacute;quida de alta resoluci&oacute;n (CLAR) de la forma desarrollada por Angellini <i>et al</i>.<sup>23</sup> y validada para la determinaci&oacute;n de residuos de nitrofuranos en muestras de tejidos musculares estabilizadas a pH 6.0. Los residuos se extrajeron con acetonitrilo, se purific&oacute; la muestra por partici&oacute;n l&iacute;quido&#150;l&iacute;quido entre el acetato de etilo y acetonitrilo, y se concentr&oacute; el extracto. Los residuos del f&aacute;rmaco fueron disueltos en la fase m&oacute;vil &#91;(0.01 M tamp&oacute;n de acetato de sodio (pH 4.5)&#150;acetonitrilo (70:30)&#93;, se filtr&oacute; y se determin&oacute; por CLAR, para lo cual se emple&oacute; una columna C18 de fase inversa (Hypersil ODS) a 35&deg;C, usando un detector de red UV&#150;visible<sup><a href="#notas">**</a></sup> con arreglo de diodos y a 365 nm. Los tiempos de retenci&oacute;n y el espectro ultravioleta de picos de las muestras se compararon con los de los patrones est&aacute;ndar de furazolidona<sup><a href="#notas">***</a></sup> y AOZ.<sup><a href="#notas">****</a></sup> La cantidad detectada del metabolito AOZ (unido a prote&iacute;na) en el grupo dosificado a 110 g/ton fue de 0.108 mg/g &plusmn; 0.3 mg/g, y en el grupo que recibi&oacute; 220 g/ton fue de 0.135 mg/g &plusmn; 0.178 mg/g. Este &uacute;ltimo grupo mostr&oacute; una mayor cantidad de AOZ tanto en m&uacute;sculo como en h&iacute;gado (P &lt; 0.05). Estos datos sirvieron como valores directrices para realizar los bioensayos de micron&uacute;cleos (MN), utilizando el promedio encontrado de 0.464 mg/g como punto medio, aumentando y disminuyendo las concentraciones para los bioensayos con linfocitos. Para la furazolidona se usaron valores mayores y menores a una concentraci&oacute;n media (2.25 mg/g) congruente con las que se lograr&iacute;an en tejidos, dada una dosis terap&eacute;utica en humanos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los bioensayos de MN se realizaron en el laboratorio de Citogen&eacute;tica del Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog&iacute;a, conforme a lo descrito por Fenech.<sup>24,25</sup> Los linfocitos se obtuvieron a partir de sangre entera de 10 donadores voluntarios, cl&iacute;nicamente sanos, no fumadores ni consumidores de alcohol, con un rango de edad entre los 20 y 45 a&ntilde;os. Se constat&oacute; por anamnesis que no recibieron tratamiento durante los 30 d&iacute;as previos a la donaci&oacute;n. Se formaron los siguientes grupos experimentales: a) Grupo furazolidona: con c&eacute;lulas de linfocitos humanos expuestas a las siguientes concentraciones de furazolidona: 10 &mu;M (225 mg/g), 1 &mu;M (225 mg/g), 0.1 &mu;M (2.25 mg/g), 0.001 &mu;M (0.225 mg/g). Se utiliz&oacute; sulf&oacute;xido de dimetilo (DMSO) 10&#150;3 &mu;M (1.303 mg/g) como testigo negativo de grupo, y ars&eacute;nico 10&#150;3 &mu;M (0.749 mg/g) como testigo positivo de grupo. b) Grupo AOZ&#150;L: con c&eacute;lulas de linfocitos humanos expuestas a concentraciones de AOZ&#150;no unido a prote&iacute;na&#150;libre:<sup><a href="#notas">*****</a></sup> 0.01 &mu;M (1.029 mg/g); 0.001 &mu;M (0.102 mg/g); 0.0005 &mu;M (0.0510 mg/g); 0.0001 &mu;M (0.001 mg/g). Tambi&eacute;n se uso sulf&oacute;xido de dimetilo (DMSO) 10&#150;3 &mu;M (1.303 mg/g) como testigo negativo de grupo, y ars&eacute;nico 10&#150;3 &mu;M (0.749 mg/g) como testigo positivo de grupo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La evaluaci&oacute;n de los MN se realiz&oacute; en 1000 c&eacute;lulas bi&#150;nucleadas (CBN), la lectura se efectu&oacute; por duplicado y enmascarando los tratamientos. Los criterios que se emplearon para identificar micron&uacute;cleos en CBN, son los aceptados en estudios internacionales20 y que se resumen a continuaci&oacute;n:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para identificar CBN la c&eacute;lula debe tener dos n&uacute;cleos redondos u ovales, los n&uacute;cleos no deben estar conectados por puentes de cromatina, los n&uacute;cleos pueden estar en profase temprana, los n&uacute;cleos deben tener un tama&ntilde;o similar (no necesariamente id&eacute;ntico), los n&uacute;cleos pueden estar parcialmente sobrepuestos y tener citoplasma bien conservado, los micron&uacute;cleos deber&aacute;n tener forma redonda u oval, tama&ntilde;o 1/2 a 1/5 del tama&ntilde;o de los n&uacute;cleos, no deben ser refringentes, deben presentar igual color e intensidad que el n&uacute;cleo principal, no deben tocar ninguno de los n&uacute;cleos, deben presentar la misma condensaci&oacute;n que los n&uacute;cleos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los resultados se procesaron por medio del paquete estad&iacute;stico STATA 11.01.<sup><a href="#notas">******</a></sup> Se emple&oacute; la estad&iacute;stica descriptiva para calcular las medidas de tendencia central y de dispersi&oacute;n y se utiliz&oacute; la estad&iacute;stica inferencial para medir el grado de asociaci&oacute;n para inducir MN por medio del riesgo relativo y fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica, y se realiz&oacute; un an&aacute;lisis de varianza para encontrar la dosis que produzca el efecto estudiado de acuerdo con lo sugerido por Hern&aacute;ndez y L&oacute;pez.<sup>26</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resultados</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En la <a href="#f1">Figura 1</a> se presentan como barras de frecuencia la media &plusmn; 1 desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar (DE) del n&uacute;mero de micron&uacute;cleos observados para los linfocitos tratados tanto con furazolidona como con AOZ&#150;L, teniendo como referencia los grupos testigo. En esa misma figura se destacan mediante literales los valores que presentaron diferencias significativas.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/vetmex/v42n4/a4f1.jpg" ></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para los grupos tratados con furazolidona, las concentraciones que tuvieron el mayor grado de asociaci&oacute;n con la producci&oacute;n de micron&uacute;cleos fueron 1 &mu;M, 10 &mu;M y 0.001 &mu;M de furazolidona (22.5 &mu;g/g, 225 &mu;g/g y 0.225 &mu;M). La concentraci&oacute;n de 10 y 0.1 &mu;M presentaron un riesgo relativo de 1.36, es decir los linfocitos expuestos a esta concentraci&oacute;n tuvieron 36% m&aacute;s riesgo de desarrollar micron&uacute;cleos con respecto a los no expuestos. En ambas concentraciones se obtuvo una fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.267; es decir, el 26.7% del desarrollo de MN en la poblaci&oacute;n expuesta se debe a esta concentraci&oacute;n. La concentraci&oacute;n 1 &mu;M present&oacute; un riesgo relativo de 1.45, es decir, aquellos linfocitos que se expusieron a la dosis de 1 &mu;M tuvieron 45% m&aacute;s riesgo de desarrollar micron&uacute;cleos con respecto a los no expuestos, con una fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.313. En la concentraci&oacute;n 0.1 &mu;M el riesgo relativo fue de 1.09 con una fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.004 con base en estos datos dicha asociaci&oacute;n se debi&oacute; al azar. Mediante la prueba de Levene se detect&oacute; homogeneidad de varianzas (P = 0.01512), por lo que se hizo una prueba de ANDEVA (P &lt; 0.001). Se concluye que hay diferencias estad&iacute;sticamente significativas en los tratamientos, con base en ello se hizo la prueba de "t" de Student entre pares de datos, para saber qu&eacute; tratamiento o tratamientos determinan las diferencias. Se detect&oacute; que s&oacute;lo hay efecto de tratamiento en las concentraciones DMSO vs. 1.0 &mu;M (P = 0.03) y DMSO vs. 0.1 &mu;M (P = 0.04).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Con respecto al metabolito AOZ, se detect&oacute; que la concentraci&oacute;n que mayor grado de asociaci&oacute;n tuvo con la producci&oacute;n de micron&uacute;cleos fue la de 0.01 &mu;M (1.029 mg/g), con un riesgo relativo de 2.51 y una fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.61. Para las concentraciones de 0.001 &mu;M se obtuvo un RR de 2.33 con un fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.571, para concentraci&oacute;n de 0.005 &mu;M se obtuvo un RR de 1.44 con una fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.308 y para la concentraci&oacute;n de 0.0001 se obtuvo un RR de 1.77 con una fracci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica de 0.437. Mediante la prueba de Levene se detect&oacute; homogeneidad de varianzas (P = 0.036) seguida de ANDEVA (P = 0.044). Las subsecuentes "t" de Student revelaron que s&oacute;lo cuando se contrastaron DMSO con 0.01 &mu;M de AOZ hubo diferencia estad&iacute;sticamente significativa (P = 0.03).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La t&eacute;cnica de micron&uacute;cleos con el bloqueo de la citocinesis por medio de la citocalasina B (Cyt&#150;B) identifica a las c&eacute;lulas que se han dividido una vez en cultivo y de esta manera permiten estimar la frecuencia de micron&uacute;cleos generados &uacute;nicamente bajo las condiciones del estudio.<sup>25</sup> Con esta metodolog&iacute;a las c&eacute;lulas se observan como binucleadas debido al efecto inhibidor de la Cyt&#150;B sobre la citocinesis, y sin alterar la cariocinesis. A esta t&eacute;cnica se le describe como una herramienta sensible para la detecci&oacute;n de da&ntilde;o gen&eacute;tico, adem&aacute;s de ser r&aacute;pida, de f&aacute;cil aplicaci&oacute;n a diferentes tipos celulares e incluso puede sustituir el an&aacute;lisis de aberraciones cromos&oacute;micas o intercambio de crom&aacute;tidas hermanas.<sup>20</sup> Con la t&eacute;cnica de MN tambi&eacute;n es posible discriminar el origen de los micron&uacute;cleos entre clastog&eacute;nicos o aneug&eacute;nicos empleando anticuerpos anticinetocoro o bien sondas fluorescentes para centr&oacute;meros y tel&oacute;meros, lo que da la posibilidad de discernir el mecanismo de acci&oacute;n de diversos agentes genot&oacute;xicos.<sup>7</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Considerando la sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba de MN es factible postular que los datos obtenidos confirman la capacidad de la FZD para inducir un efecto genot&oacute;xico bien definido en concentraciones de 0.1 y de 10 &mu;M por 7 d&iacute;as (22.5 &mu;g/g y 2250 &mu;g/g) y en este sentido, los resultados de este ensayo coinciden con la mayor&iacute;a de los autores<sup>27&#150;46</sup> aunque utilizando diferentes metodolog&iacute;as. En contraparte, Enniga y Weterings<sup>47</sup> y Paik,<sup>48</sup> informan de resultados negativos a genotoxicidad evaluada mediante la prueba de micron&uacute;cleos, pero en linfocitos de ratones Swiss CD&#150;1 o en ratones Swiss Webster, respectivamente y administrando FZD por v&iacute;a oral a dosis de 100 a 500 mg/kg.<sup>49</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En contraste, s&oacute;lo la concentraci&oacute;n m&aacute;s alta de AOZ libre (1.029 mg/g) fue la que mostr&oacute; la inducci&oacute;n significativa de MN. En este sentido coinciden Hoogenboom <i>et al</i>.,<sup>11</sup> quienes describen efectos mutag&eacute;nicos del AOZ y formaci&oacute;n de aductos en prote&iacute;nas, empleando pruebas de mutagenicidad micros&oacute;mica con cepas de <i>Salmonella</i> TA 1535 y TA 100 con activaci&oacute;n metab&oacute;lica de la fracci&oacute;n S9 de h&iacute;gado de rata.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Tambi&eacute;n obtuvieron una respuesta positiva en la prueba de aberraciones cromos&oacute;micas en linfocitos humanos y con eritrocitos en la prueba de micron&uacute;cleos en m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea de ratones tratados con AOZ ligado a prote&iacute;na de alto peso, pero administrando cantidades exageradas mediante inyecci&oacute;n intraperitoneal directa. Los autores concluyen que hay liberaci&oacute;n y absorci&oacute;n sist&eacute;mica de AOZ y que pudiera ser potencialmente mutag&eacute;nica. Los resultados aqu&iacute; obtenidos y los documentados por Hoogenboom <i>et al</i>.<sup>11</sup> contrastan con lo detallado por Scheres,<sup>50</sup> quien informa de resultados negativos a genotoxicidad utilizando AOZ libre pero con la prueba de Ames con y sin fracci&oacute;n S9 de h&iacute;gado de rata, en <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium y en concentraciones de 100&#150;500 &mu;g/ml de AOZ.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Tanto lo obtenido en este ensayo como lo informado por Scheres<sup>50</sup> no pueden compararse con estudios que utilizan AOZ ligada a prote&iacute;nas, como el de Auro <i>et al</i>.<sup>51</sup> que evaluaron la genotoxicidad de alimento con residuos de AOZ&#150;UP en peces ginog&eacute;nicos. Ellos postulan que es poco factible considerar al AOZ ligado a prote&iacute;na como un peligro en la cadena tr&oacute;fica. En ese sentido, es evidente entonces, que ser&iacute;a necesaria la determinaci&oacute;n qu&iacute;mico estructural de la forma en que AOZ se liga a diferentes prote&iacute;nas y la din&aacute;mica con la que se libera, si ese es el caso posterior al proceso digestivo<sup>27</sup> para determinar su potencial peligrosidad.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Es de se&ntilde;alarse que s&oacute;lo a tres veces m&aacute;s la concentraci&oacute;n de AOZ registrada en la literatura como posible contaminante de productos c&aacute;rnicos a los siete d&iacute;as,<sup>50,52&#150;54</sup> se obtuvo genotoxicidad en este estudio. Esta situaci&oacute;n tiene componentes artificiales dado que no s&oacute;lo no est&aacute; libre el AOZ en condiciones naturales, sino que, aun sin tiempo de retiro es improbable encontrar esas cantidades en tejidos. De tal suerte que aunque los resultados aqu&iacute; expuestos sugieren genotoxicidad por AOZ&#150;L, la tasa de exposici&oacute;n a este metabolito permite cuestionar si realmente es un peligro para la salud p&uacute;blica la fracci&oacute;n real de AOZ&#150;UP y cuestiona, a la luz de salvaguardar la salud p&uacute;blica, la validez de rechazos en material c&aacute;rnico exportado, generado por pruebas anal&iacute;ticas que detecten picogramos por gramo de tejido animal (ppt) por ejemplo el Ridascreen&reg;.<a href="#notas"><sup>******* </sup></a>M&aacute;s a&uacute;n, dada la genotoxicidad probada de la FZD, resulta contrastante que mientras en medicina veterinaria se condena su uso, en medicina humana se pueda prescribir este principio activo, lo que da lugar a cuestionar las medidas sanitarias, es decir, que se condene a desecho los productos c&aacute;rnicos que contienen ppt de AOZ ligado con prote&iacute;na y cuya genotoxicidad a&uacute;n es debatible.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. FOOD AND DRUG ADMISTRATION. Departament of Health, Education, and Wealfare Federal Register Vol. 41, No. 94&#150;Thursday, May 13, 1976.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=10158926&pid=S0301-5092201100040000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. KESSLER DA. Commissioner of Food and Drugs. Federal Register Doc 91&#150;20219.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=10158928&pid=S0301-5092201100040000400002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. FEDERAL REGISTER (FR) Vol. 55 No. 164. August 23, 1991. Pages 41797&#150;41913</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=10158930&pid=S0301-5092201100040000400003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. FEDERAL REGISTER (FR) Vol. 62, No. 99. Thursday, May, 1997. Rules and Regulations. Page 27944.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=10158931&pid=S0301-5092201100040000400004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. FEDERAL REGISTER: February 6, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 25.Rules and Regulation. Page 5470&#150; 5471. From the Federal Register &#91;online&#93; via GPO Acces: URL: <a href="http://www.wais.access.gpo.gov" target="_blank">http://www.wais.access.gpo.gov</a>. DOCID: fr06fe02&#150;8.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=10158933&pid=S0301-5092201100040000400005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. EAGLE BARNEY. Food safety regulations of the European Union on food contaminants derived from veterinary medical products. 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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">54. AILA 0, SHITANDI AA, MAHUNGU S, KUMAR &amp; &#150;SHARMA H. Determination of the depletion of furazolidone residues in chicken tissues using a <i>Bacillus stearothermophilicus </i>test. Food Control 2009; 20:543&#150;547.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=10159029&pid=S0301-5092201100040000400054&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="notas"></a><b>Notas</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>*</sup> &reg;Ridascreen. Nitrofurans (AOZ) R3703 r&#150;biopharn, Germany.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>** </sup>Sonnteck, Inc. 125 Pleasant Avenue. Upper Saddle River NJ. USA 07458.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>*** </sup>SIGMA&#150;ALDRICH, No de cat 46297&#150;250MG Furazolidona.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>****</sup> No. cat. 33347&#150;50MG&#150;R AOZ, VETRANAL analytical standard.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>*****</sup> SIGMA&#150;ALDRICH No. Catalogo 33347.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>******</sup> Stata Corp. 4905 Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas 77845. USA.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>*******</sup><a href="http://www.sceti.co.jp/medical/PdfFiles/rbo/R3701_Nitrofurame_AOZ.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sceti.co.jp/medical/PdfFiles/rbo/R3701_Nitrofurame_AOZ.pdf</a></font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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