Aquatic mammals from the Mexican Caribbean; a review

Mamíferos acuáticos del Caribe mexicano, una revisión

Carlos Alberto Niño-Torres¹, María del Carmen García-Rivas², Delma Nataly Castelblanco-Martínez³, Janneth Adriana Padilla-Saldívar⁴, María del Pilar Blanco-Parra³ and Rafael de la Parra-Venegas⁵

¹ Universidad de Quintana Roo. División de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Blvd. Bahía s/n esq. Ignacio Comonfort, Col. Del Bosque, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 77019. México.

³ Fundación Internacional para la Naturaleza y la Sostenibilidad (FINS), Calle Larún Manzana 75, Lote 4, Andara, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 77014, México.

⁴ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 77014. México.

⁵ Red de Varamientos de Mamíferos Marinos del Caribe Mexicano. Av. Xelha N°1-311, SM 28, Cancún, Quintana Roo, 77500. México. e-mail: carlosalni@gmail.com.

Recibido: 11 de noviembre de 2013.
Aceptado: 28 de noviembre de 2014.

Abstract

We present a review of the aquatic mammal species occurring in the Mexican Caribbean. Several published sources were reviewed to find information about aquatic mammals reported for the Mexican Caribbean. Additionally, we consulted 29 national and international collections and museums. Based on documents, collections, direct records and local news, we analyzed 18 confirmed species of aquatic mammals for the study area [Tursiops truncatus, Stenella clymene, S. frontalis, S. longirostris, Steno bredanensis, Grampus griseus, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Peponocephala electra; Pseudorca crassidens, Orcinus orca, Physeter macrocephalus, Kogia breviceps, K. sima, Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon europaeus, Trichechus manatus manatus, Lontra longicaudis annectens and Monachus tropicalis (extinct)]. In order to gather solid baseline information that enhances efficient long-term management, regular and systematic population censuses of the aquatic mammal community are recommended. We recommend the use of the "Mexican Caribbean" area as a separate unit of management and conservation, differently as has been included in the macro region "Gulf of Mexico/Mexican Caribbean".

Resumen

Se presenta una revisión de las especies de mamíferos acuáticos para el Caribe Mexicano. Un gran número de fuentes publicadas fueron consultadas para buscar información sobre mamíferos acuáticos reportados para el Caribe Mexicano. Además, se consultaron 29 colecciones y museos nacionales e internacionales. Basados en documentos, colecciones, registros directos y noticias locales, el presente trabajo reporta la presencia de 18 especies de mamíferos acuáticos en el área de estudio [Tursiops truncatus, Stenella clymene, S. frontalis, S. longirostris, Steno bredanensis, Grampus griseus, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Peponocephala electra; Pseudorca crassidens, Orcinus orca, Physeter macrocephalus, Kogia breviceps, K. sima, Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon europaeus, Trichechus manatus manatus, Lontra longicaudis annectens and Monachus tropicalis (extincta)]. Para obtener información de línea de base que permita un manejo eficiente a largo plazo de este recurso, se recomienda realizar censos poblacionales regulares y sistemáticos de la comunidad de mamíferos acuáticos. Se sugiere a la comunidad de mastozoólogos marinos utilizar al "Caribe Mexicano" como una unidad separada de manejo y conservación, a diferencia de cómo es usualmente incluida en la macro-región "Golfo de México/Caribe Mexicano".

Palabras clave: Caribe mexicano, mamíferos acuáticos, unidades de manejo.

INTRODUCTION

The "aquatic mammal" (not a taxonomic term) makes reference to those animals that spend their entire life, or most of their lifespan in aquatic environments. It usually includes three orders: i. Cetacea, including Mysticeti (whaleboned cetaceans), and Odontocetii (toothed cetaceans), ii. Carnivora, including Otaridae (sea lions), Phocidae (seals), Odobenidae (warluses), Mustelidae (otters), Ursidae (polar bear), and iii. Sirenia: manatees and dugongs (Perrin etal., 2009).

Aquatic mammals are consumers at most trophic levels. Because of their large body sizes and abundances, they are considered to have a major influence on the dynamic structure and function of aquatic ecosystems (Bowen, 1997). Among all mammals, aquatic mammals have been intensively exploited for human consumption and trade. The hunt of aquatic mammals was intensive in Mexico during the 18^th and 19^th century, particularly along the Pacific coast, by Russian, British, and American fleets, that were attracted by their great diversity and abundance (Guerrero Ruíz et al., 2006). Intensive harvesting led to fragmentation in the populations of several species, and eventually led to the extinction of the Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis (Gray, 1850)) (Calambokidis & Barlow, 2004; Guerrero Ruíz et al., 2006; Perrin et al., 2009). In spite of the current Mexican and international laws protecting aquatic mammals, these species still face a number of threats like habitat degradation, pollution, incidental catch, and ship collisions, among many others (Bearzi et al., 2004).

At least 47 species of aquatic mammals have been reported as present in Mexican territory (Torres et al., 1995). Torres et al. (1995) proposed four zones for aquatic mammal distribution in Mexican waters (Fig. 1A): I. Pacific coast of Baja California Peninsula, II. Gulf of California, III. Pacific coast (from Nayarit to Guerrero), and IV. Gulf of Mexico (Mexican territory) and Mexican Caribbean. Although some authors have proposed the use of the Mexican Caribbean as a separate area (Fig. 1B) (Salinas & Ladrón de Guevara, 1993; Ceballos et al., 2005), to date, the Torres et al. (1995) criteria are probably the most commonly used in Mexican aquatic mammal literature. In the "Gulf of México and Caribbean Sea" region, studies have focused specifically on the Gulf of Mexico (Aurioles-Gamboa, 2009). Consequently, the information about aquatic mammals in the Mexican Caribbean is relatively poor, except for the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1758) that has received considerable research efforts (see Results and Discussion sections).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area. We considered the Mexican Caribbean the area located between Cabo Catoche, in the northern portion of Quintana Roo, México (21° 36' 18" N; 87° 06' 13" W), to the border with Belize (18° 09' 45" N; 87° 48' 50" W), encompassing approximately 865 km of coast line (Fig. 2). This area includes the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone among the maritime-borders of Mexico, Belize, and Cuba in the Caribbean Sea (Fig. 1B, Zone 5).

Compilation and review. We conducted an exhaustive search for information about the distribution of aquatic mammals in the study area from a variety of sources including peer-reviewed journal articles, databases, books, theses, technical reports (from universities, governments and NGOs) and scientific meeting proceedings. To find documents reporting the presence of aquatic mammals in the study area, we repeatedly searched the article databases Elsevier, Springerlink, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, Gale CENGAGE, Oxford Journals, BioOne, and Scholar Google for the keywords "Caribbean sea", "Quintana Roo", "Mexican Caribbean", "Caribbean", "Yucatan", "marine mammals", "aquatic mammals", "dolphin", "whale", "otter", "seal', and the 47 aquatic mammal scientific names. The databases we searched contain hundreds of documents that match these possible combinations. We conducted a rapid visual excluding procedure by evaluating their titles, keywords, and abstracts. Documents containing "Caribbean sea", "QuintanaRoo", "Mexican Caribbean", "Caribbean" or "Yucatan"mixed with other keywords were revised in detail. Additional documents were consulted in local libraries. In order to find records of aquatic mammals deposited in scientific collections, we visited and/or consulted the collections and electronic catalogs reported on Table 1. Finally, we reviewed 302 reports in the "Database of Mexican Mammals" deposited in United States and Canada Collections (López-Wilchis. R. 2003). Additionally, we compiled stranding and sighting data of aquatic mammals from specialists and corroborated local news reports that occurred in the Mexican Caribbean. Confirmed records of the Mexican Caribbean Marine Mammal Stranding Network (Red de Varamientos de Mamíferos Marinos del Caribe Mexicano, RVMMCM) were included, as well as direct sightings and/or strandings attended by the authors. Reports or local news of aquatic mammals that could not be confirmed by the authors or other specialists were excluded from the analysis.

The obtained information was classified according to the following eight categories: I) organisms deposited in scientific collections or museums, II) peer-reviewed papers, III) books/book chapters, IV) sightings and/or strandings attended V) scientific meeting abstracts, VI) thesis, VII) corroborated government, institutional or NOGs reports, and VIII) corroborated local news. Records were then organized in tables and described broadly. The species were only included in the list if at least one confirmed report was found.

RESULTS

We reviewed hundreds of possible references, 19 national and 10 international collections/museums, and 14 scientific meeting proceedings. Additionally, we included data from 25 direct records (15 sightings and 10 strandings). A total of 123 confirmed records were obtained, mainly from peer-reviewed papers, followed by direct records, meeting abstracts, books or book chapters, specimens deposited in collections/museums, government/institutional/ONGs reports, thesis and local news respectively (Table 2).

The highest number of reports was obtained for the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus), while other species, such as Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758 had only one single confirmed report (Table 2). As we found a high number of manatee references, only the most relevant reports about their presence or mortality were mentioned. Fig. 2 shows the species confirmed in different localities of the study area. Cancún and Xcalak are the localities are the most species have been reported, with eight and seven species respectively. A total of 18 confirmed species (one extinct) in the Mexican Caribbean are listed (Table 2).

Family MUSTELIDAE Ficher, 1817.

Lontra longicaudis annectens Major, 1897

In Quintana Roo (the mainland portion of the Mexican Caribbean), reports on Neotropical otters were not confirmed until last decade (Gallo-Reynoso, 1997). Lately, research has confirmed the presence of the species in the southern part of the state. The Neotropical otter is distributed along the Hondo River and some parts of Chetumal Bay, including creeks flowing into both bodies of water (Morales-Vela & Olivera-Gómez, 1994a; Orozco-Meyer, 1998; Calmé & Sanvicente, 2009). An otter skin from the Hondo River collected in February 1996 is maintained in the mammal collection at ECOSUR (ECO-CH-M). There are no reports of otters in the central and northern regions of the state.

Family PHOCIDAE Gray, 1821.

Monachus tropicallis (Gray, 1850)

The Caribbean monk seal was once abundant in the wider Caribbean; however hunting pressures led to its extinction (Villa et al., 1985; Timm et al., 1997; Mignucci-Giannoni & Odell, 2001; Adam & Garcia, 2003; McClenachan & Cooper, 2008). Sightings from the last century in the Mexican Caribbean were reported in Banco Chinchorro in 1957, and ~1977 (Adam & Garcia, 2003). The Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (USNM) reported five monk seal specimens in their archives collected from the Yucatan Peninsula, unfortunately they do not know the precise location where of collection and it is possible they were found outside of our study area.

Order CETACEA

Family DELPHINIDAE Gray, 1821.

Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846

Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812)

Only two confirmed reports of Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) have been documented in the Mexican Caribbean. In February 1986, two groups of Risso's dolphins (encompassing ~28 animals) were observed near Isla Blanca, south of Isla Contoy (personal observation RDPV). The second report was obtained in May 2012 when a Risso's dolphin was found dead in Cozumel (attended by author MCGR).

Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)

The presence of this species in the Mexican Caribbean has been documented only once. On June 25^th, 1987, a group of 6 animals was sighted east of Isla Contoy (personal observation RDPV).

Peponocephala electra (Gray, 1846)

In September 2012, a melon-headed whale calf was found stranded alive on a beach near Playa del Carmen. The calf was transported to Delphinus (a local dolphinarium) where medical care was provided. The individual died two days after arrival (corroborated local news, species identified by Raúl Torres). This species seems to be very uncommon in the region; this case represents the first documented report in the Mexican Caribbean.

Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)

A group of 17 animals was observed on May 21^st, 1998 near Banco Chinchorro (García-Rivas, 1999b). On January 25^th, 2000, one skeleton was recovered in Cancún (attended by authors MCGR/RDPV) that is now on exhibit in the Museum of Isla Contoy. On June 15^th, 2003, a stranded calf was reported in Cancun (García-Rivas, 2003; Delgado Estrella et al., 2004; Lenzi et al., 2004). In August 2012, a group of approximately 85 individuals was spotted 18 km east of Isla Mujeres; the species was sighted in schools of Tursiops truncatus Montagu 1821 and Steno bredanensis Cuvier, 1823 (personal observation RDPV). In June 2012, a group of 37 individuals was observed near Banco Chinchorro (personal observation MCGR).

Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850)

Stenella frontalis (G. Cuvier, 1829)

Xacur Maiza et al., (1998) reported sightings at north of Isla Contoy (no date available). In 1996, a stranded female was found alive in Tulum and died eight days later (Sánchez-Okrucky, 1997). Large groups up to 70 individuals of this species have been reported from 1986 to 2013, from May to September, usually east of Isla Mujeres (personal observation RDPV). In March 2010, a group of 29 individuals was sighted in Xcalak, in the company of three Stenella clymene and one Tursiops truncatus (personal observation MCGR).

Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828)

Groups of up to 15 spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) have been spotted recently (July and August 2013) in waters around 15 km east and northeast of Isla Mujeres (personal observation RDPV).

Steno bredanensis (G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828)

Rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) have been sighted in groups up to 29 individuals east and northeast of Isla Mujeres from 1986 to 2013, often found in mixed groups with Tursiops truncatus (personal observation RDPV). In April 2001 a female rough-toothed dolphin was found in Cancun and held for 143 days in a delphinarium before her death. The animal was estimated to be 3.5 years old by tooth analysis (Delgado Estrella et al., 2002). Another alive dolphin was found stranded on August 12^th, 2013, in Cancun. It was rehabilitated by the staff of Dolphin Discovery (a local dolphinarium) and released one month later (local news, species identified by author RDPV).

Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)

The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is probably the most common cetacean species inhabiting the Mexican Caribbean (Navarro et al., 1990; De la Parra, 1989). Groups between two and 100 animals have been reported in Ascensión Bay, although smaller groups (two-12 animals) are more often observed (Navarro et al., 1990). Ortega-Ortiz (1996) reported an absolute abundance of 66 dolphins in Ascensión Bay. The presence of T. truncatus seems to be permanent in the southern Mexican Caribbean (Zacarías-Araujo, 1992); small groups of T. truncatus were frequently observed from 2004 to 2013 in Xcalak and Banco Chinchorro (personal observation MCGR). On January 31^st 1999, one individual stranded in Isla Contoy (García-Rivas, 1999a), the skeleton was recovered and it is on exhibit at the Museum of Isla Contoy. Chetumal Bay is regularly visited by this species (Olivera-Gómez & Olivera-Gómez, 2002), in groups ranging between 6 and 43 individuals (personal observation CANT/DNCM in 2012). Recently, at least three cases of stranded bottlenose dolphins have been attended in Chetumal Bay: a female (185 cm, July 28^th, 2010), a male (240 cm, August 18^th, 2012), and a female calf (127 cm, June 1^st, 2013) (attended by authors CANT/DNCM). Bottlenose dolphin skulls from the study area are stored at the Marine Mammal Osteological Collection of the National University of Mexico (FCMM). The ECO-CH-M mammal collection keeps bones of nine individuals, seven of which were collected in Chetumal Bay, while the rest came from Cancun and Espíritu Santo Bay.

Familia PHYSETERIDAE Gray, 1821.

There are at least six confirmed reports of sperm whales in the Mexican Caribbean. Navarro et al., (1990) reported a jaw collected in September 1987 in Espíritu Santo Bay. Additional strandings occurred in Cozumel in 1995, Isla Mujeres in 1996, and in Xcalak in 1998, 2006 (Ortega-Argueta et al., 1998; Xacur Maiza et al., 1998; García-Rivas, 2006) and 2013 (attended by author MCGR). The mammal collection of ECOSUR (ECO-CH-M) stores a jaw and ribs from the individual stranded in 1998 in Xcalak.

Family KOGIIDAE Gill, 1871.

Kogia breviceps (Blainville, 1838)

The presence of pygmy sperm whales in the Mexican Caribbean has been well documented from stranding events. Two strandings occurred in June 1996 in Cozumel, two days apart from each other (28^th and 30^th), (Ortega-Argueta et al., 1998; Cardona-Maldonado & Mignucci-Giannoni, 1999; González Solís et al., 2006). In September 1997, another pygmy sperm whale was found dead near Cancun (De la Parra Venegas, 1998; Ortega-Argueta et al., 1998). A stranded female was reported alive on January 16^th, 2003 in Cancun; she died 21 hours after the report (García-Rivas et al., 2003). In October 2008, another dead pygmy sperm whale was found in Xcalak (attended by author MCGR).

Kogia sima (Owen, 1866)

Reports of dwarf sperm whales stranded in the study area consisted of single individuals in December 1996 in Cancun (Sánchez-Okrucky, 1997; Xacur Maiza et al., 1998), in April 2011(García-Rivas, 2011) and on June 14, 2012 in Xcalak (García-Rivas, 2012). One specimen of Kogia sp. from the study area is archived by the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (USNM), unfortunately, the specimen has not been identified to species level, could be K. sima or K. breviceps. The specimen was collected in September 1987 south of Quintana Roo. It was also reported by Cardona-Maldonado and Mignucci-Giannoni (1999).

Family ZIPHIDAE Gray, 1850.

Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855)

On May 4^th, 2010, two dead Gervais' beaked whales (a male and a female) were found in Ascensión Bay (attended by author MCGR). Recently, on March 11^th, 2013, a Gervais' beaked whale was found stranded in Tulum. It died a few hours later (corroborated local news, species identified by author CANT). The body was transported to Delphinus (a local dolphinarium) to preserve some parts of the body.

In April 2011, a skull and vertebra of a Cuvier's beaked whale were found on the coast, 14 km north of Mahahual (pers. comm. Raúl Díaz-Gamboa and René Calderón-Mandujano). In April 2013, a dead individual was found in Cozumel (corroborated local news, species identified by J. Urbán-R). The Marine Mammal Osteological Collection from the National University of Mexico (FCMM) reported the skull of a Cuvier's beaked whale that was collected in the Mexican Caribbean (Vázquez-Cuevas & Medrano-González, 2006). The USNM also maintains one individual of this species from Quintana Roo.

Order SIRENIA

Family TRICHECHIDAE Gill, 1872.

Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1758

The Antillean manatee is probably the most common aquatic mammal present in the region; consequently, it has received considerable research effort (Gallo-Reynoso, 1983; Fuentes & Aguayo Lobo, 1989; Morales-Vela & Olivera-Gómez, 1994a, b, c, 1997; Morales-Vela et al., 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2011; Ortega Argueta, 1997; Morales-Vela & Medrano-González, 1999; Morales-Vela, 2000; Olivera-Gómez, 2002; Olivera-Gómez & Mellink, 2005; Castelblanco-Martínez et al., 2009, 2012, 2013; Landero-Figueroa, 2010; Nourisson et al., 2011).

Although the last systematic population size assessment was conducted in 1994 (Morales-Vela & Olivera-Gómez, 1994c), it is estimated that there are about 200-250 manatees in Quintana Roo (Morales-Vela et al., 2011). The three most important areas of manatee abundance are: a) the coast between Tulum and Playa del Carmen, b) Ascención and Espíritu Santo bays, and c) Chetumal Bay (Morales-Vela & Olivera-Gómez, 1997). Manatees were reported in Cancun in 1998, and in Xcalak where individuals have been observed from 2007 to 2013 (personal observation MCGR). The highest concentration of manatees in the Yucatan Peninsula occurs in Chetumal Bay (Morales-Vela & Padilla-Saldivar, 2009a,b), where stranding data (1990-2010) indicated an average of two or three dead manatees per year (Morales-Vela et al., 2002; Pérez-Flores et al., 2010). The mammal collection ECO-CH-M maintains the bones of 49 individuals, 93% of which came from dead manatees found in Chetumal Bay and Hondo River.

DISCUSSION

Unconfirmed species in the area. Some government reports (INE-SEMARNAP, 1998, 2000) and divulgation documents (Morales Barbosa, 1993; Morales-Vela et al., 2011), mention the presence of the following species in the Mexican Caribbean: Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956, Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758, Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846), Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781), Feresa attenuata (Gray, 1874), Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817), and Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Unfortunately, these documents do not specify the source of the information. These references were carefully reviewed, but no valid records for the mentioned species were found for the Mexican Caribbean. Consequently, we did not consider these documents as valid references and they were discarded from the analysis.

Mexican Caribbean as a separate management unit. Despite that the Mexican Caribbean has been already considered as a separate unit in the analysis of the richness and biodiversity of Mexican marine mammals (Salinas & Ladrón de Guevara, 1993), an evaluation of the research frequency in SOMEMMA meetings (Mexican Association of Marine Mastozoology specialists, acronym in Spanish) (Aurioles-Gamboa, 2009) and reviews of marine mammals in the Wider Caribbean (Ward et al., 1999), the zonation of Torres et al. (1995) has prevailed in the aquatic mammal literature. Whereas Torres et al. (1995) reported 31 species for the macro-region Gulf of México/Mexican Caribbean, in the present study we confirmed the presence of only 18 species for the Mexican Caribbean area. In order to analyze population trends of aquatic mammals, and enhance the adequate management of these populations, we suggest that the "Mexican Caribbean" be considered as a separate unit from the Gulf of México (Fig. 1B), as previously proposed by Ceballos et al. (2005). Our suggestion about the use of this area, is representative only for the Mexican Caribbean; differences between areas 1 and 3 proposed by both authors (Torres et al., 1995; Ceballos et al., 2005) were not evaluated in the present study.

Biogeographically, the Caribbean Sea is defined as a semi-enclosed basin in the western Atlantic Ocean, bounded by the coasts of Central and South America and by the Antilles island chain, representing a major hotspot of marine biodiversity worldwide (Miloslavich et al., 2010). The Mexican Caribbean is classified as part of the "Yucatan Channel" region (Alvera-Azcárate et al., 2009), and has been catalogued as one of the Mexican marine provinces/eco-regions, recognized by the "Mexican National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO)" and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America" (Lara-Lara et al., 2008).

Separating the Mexican Caribbean from the Gulf of México has tremendous implications in conservation management plans for the species. For example, for the management of the Antillean manatee, the Mexican government has divided their distribution area into three zones, one of which is "Región 1/Mar Caribe" that includes the Mexican Caribbean and the coastal zone of Yucatan state (SEMARNAT, 2001). Additionally, there are other practical reasons to consider the Mexican Caribbean as a separate unit. For instance, there is evidence of two genetic clusters of manatees in Mexico, one in the Gulf of Mexico and the other in the Caribbean Sea (Nourisson et al., 2011). Similar genetic separation might be present in other species in the region such as T. truncatus. Sellas et al. (2005) reported strong genetic divergence among bottlenose dolphins in the United States portion of the Gulf of Mexico, indicating this species presents semi-isolated populations. Worldwide, bottlenose dolphins in particular present multiple ecotypes/populations in the same geographic area (Fernández et al., 2011).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks to A. Nuñez-Garduño, G. E. Magaña-Cota, M. Briones-Salas, J. P. Gallo-Reynoso, H. A. Garza-Torres, J. C. Santos, J. Ramírez-Pulido, R. de la Riva Hernández, M. Briones-Salas, O. G. Retana, E. Arellano, A. F. Guzmán-Camacho, F. X. González-Cózatl, L. Medrano-González, E. Escobedo-Cabrera, Daniela C. Kalthoff, Phil Unitt, and Chris Conroy for valuable information about the specimens in collections. We also thank V. Hernández, J. López G. and J. Pérez-Flores from the Chetumal Bay and Hondo River Aquatic Mammal Stranding Network, and the staff of the Mexican Caribbean Marine Mammal Stranding Network, for their generous participation during stranding events. Thanks to R. Torres and Delphinus communication-team for information about P. electra, and R. Díaz-Gamboa, R. Calderón-Mandujano, G. Poot-López, G. Cárdenas-Hinojosa, J. Urbán-Ramírez and F. Elorriaga-Verplancken for providing data and/or identification of specimens of Z. cavirostris, M. europaeus and S. bredanensis. This manuscript benefited from commentaries of W. McFee, R. Wells, and one anonymous reviewer. Thanks to M. F. Baron and E. A. Ramos for the English revision.

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