<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-8897</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-8897</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-88972009000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Primer registro de Phialella quadrata y ampliación del límite de distribución de ocho especies de hidromedusas (Hydrozoa) en el Océano Atlántico Occidental]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[First record of Phialella quadrata and range extension of eight species of hydromedusae (Hydrozoa) in the Western Atlantic Ocean]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Becerril]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María de los Angeles]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocaña-Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura-Puertas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lourdes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Ecología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D. F.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Unidad Académica Puerto Morelos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cancún Q. Roo]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>257</fpage>
<lpage>267</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-88972009000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-88972009000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-88972009000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los nuevos registros que se presentan en este trabajo, amplían la distribución geográfica conocida de nueve especies de hidromedusas, que fueron recolectadas en la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, México. La identificación de Phialella quadrata constituye el primer registro para el Océano Atlántico Occidental, mientras que Ectopleura dumortieri lo es para el Golfo de México y Clytia folleata para la región norte del mismo. Se extiende el área geográfica de distribución de Bougainvillia superciliaris, Nemopsis bachei, Sarsia tubulosa y Clytia globosa a menor latitud, mientras que Eirene tenuis y Octophialucium medium a mayor latitud.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The new records provided here extend the geographic distribution know of nine hydromedusae species collected in the Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The record of Phialella quadrata is the first one for the Western Atlantic Ocean, while Ectopleura dumortieri is registered for the first time in the Gulf of Mexico and Clytia folleata in the north of the same gulf. The geographic distribution of Bougainvillia superciliaris, Nemopsis bachei, Sarsia tubulosa and Clytia globosa is extended to a lower latitude, while Eirene tenuis and Octophialucium medium increase to a higher latitude.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nuevos registros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Leptothecata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anthoathecata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Laguna Madre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[New records]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Leptothecata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anthoathecata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Laguna Madre]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Primer registro de <i>Phialella quadrata </i>y ampliaci&oacute;n del l&iacute;mite de distribuci&oacute;n de ocho especies de hidromedusas (Hydrozoa) en el Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico Occidental</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>First record of <i>Phialella quadrata </i>and range extension of eight species of hydromedusae (Hydrozoa) in the Western Atlantic Ocean</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Mar&iacute;a de los Angeles Mendoza&#150;Becerril<sup>1</sup>, Alberto&#150;Oca&ntilde;a&#150;Luna<sup>1*</sup>, Marina S&aacute;nchez&#150;Ram&iacute;rez<sup>1</sup> y Lourdes Segura&#150;Puertas<sup>2&dagger;</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol&oacute;gicas, Lab. de Ecolog&iacute;a. Dpto. de Zoolog&iacute;a. Prolongaci&oacute;n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s.n. Col. Sto. Tom&aacute;s. M&eacute;xico, D. F. 11340. M&eacute;xico. *E&#150;mail</i>: <a href="mailto:jocana@encb.ipn.mx">jocana@encb.ipn.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup> Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog&iacute;a Unidad Acad&eacute;mica Puerto Morelos. P. O. Box 1152, Canc&uacute;n, Q. Roo, 77500, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido: 5 de agosto de 2008.    <br> Aceptado: 28 de octubre de 2009.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los nuevos registros que se presentan en este trabajo, ampl&iacute;an la distribuci&oacute;n geogr&aacute;fica conocida de nueve especies de hidromedusas, que fueron recolectadas en la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, M&eacute;xico. La identificaci&oacute;n de <i>Phialella quadrata </i>constituye el primer registro para el Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico Occidental, mientras que <i>Ectopleura dumortieri </i>lo es para el Golfo de M&eacute;xico y <i>Clytia folleata </i>para la regi&oacute;n norte del mismo. Se extiende el &aacute;rea geogr&aacute;fica de distribuci&oacute;n de <i>Bougainvillia superciliaris, Nemopsis bachei, Sarsia tubulosa </i>y <i>Clytia globosa </i>a menor latitud, mientras que <i>Eirene tenuis </i>y <i>Octophialucium medium </i>a mayor latitud.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>Nuevos registros, Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Laguna Madre.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The new records provided here extend the geographic distribution know of nine hydromedusae species collected in the Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The record of <i>Phialella quadrata </i>is the first one for the Western Atlantic Ocean, while <i>Ectopleura dumortieri </i>is registered for the first time in the Gulf of Mexico and <i>Clytia folleata </i>in the north of the same gulf. The geographic distribution of <i>Bougainvillia superciliaris, Nemopsis bachei, Sarsia tubulosa </i>and <i>Clytia globosa </i>is extended to a lower latitude, while <i>Eirene tenuis </i>and <i>Octophialucium medium </i>increase to a higher latitude.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words: </b>New records, Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Laguna Madre.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las hidromedusas son depredadores que act&uacute;an en los primeros niveles de la cadena tr&oacute;fica del ecosistema marino, por lo que afectan la abundancia de estadios larvarios y adultos de diversos organismos zooplanct&oacute;nicos (Purcell, 1985; Purcell &amp; Arai, 2001). La abundancia y distribuci&oacute;n de esta fauna depende de los  patrones de comportamiento de las propias especies (Arai, 1992)  y de la interacci&oacute;n con factores biol&oacute;gicos, qu&iacute;micos y f&iacute;sicos (Graham <i>et al.</i>, 2001).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La distribuci&oacute;n de las hidromedusas se altera por el transporte pasivo a trav&eacute;s de masas de agua (van der Spoel, 1991) y por mecanismos asociados a las actividades humanas (p. ej. tr&aacute;fico mar&iacute;timo), estos &uacute;ltimos dan lugar a la introducci&oacute;n de especies no nativas, las cuales pueden modificar la estructura de las comunidades aut&oacute;ctonas y causar un impacto econ&oacute;mico negativo (Ru&iacute;z <i>et al.</i>, 1997).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los estudios sobre hidromedusas realizados en la zona ner&iacute;tica y oce&aacute;nica del Golfo de M&eacute;xico han sido realizados por: Sears (1954), Simmons (1957), Moore (1962), Hopkins (1966), Burke (1975), Segura&#150;Puertas (1992), Su&aacute;rez&#150;Morales <i>et al. </i>(2002) y Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas se han incrementado los trabajos que dan a conocer nuevos registros geogr&aacute;ficos de hidromedusas en aguas mexicanas del Golfo de M&eacute;xico; entre ellos se encuentran los de: Canudas&#150;Gonz&aacute;lez (1979); Segura&#150;Puertas (1992); Correia&#150;Valenca &amp; Segura&#150;Puertas (1996) y Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007) entre otros.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este trabajo se da a conocer por primera vez la presencia de <i>Phialella quadrata </i>(Forbes, 1848) y la ampliaci&oacute;n del l&iacute;mite de distribuci&oacute;n geogr&aacute;fico de ocho especies de hidromedusas en el Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico Occidental, identificadas por primera vez en la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, M&eacute;xico, por tal motivo se analiza la distribuci&oacute;n mundial y los intervalos de salinidad y temperatura en los cuales se localizaron a las especies.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>MATERIALES Y M&Eacute;TODOS</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los ejemplares se obtuvieron de la recolecta de zooplancton en la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, M&eacute;xico (23&deg; 48' y 25&deg; 30' N, 97&deg; 23' y 97&deg; 52' O). La laguna posee una superficie de 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> y una profundidad promedio de 0.7 m (Ayala Casta&ntilde;ares &amp; Segura, 1968). Fue declarada como &aacute;rea natural protegida, con car&aacute;cter de &aacute;rea de protecci&oacute;n de flora y fauna por la Secretar&iacute;a de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT, 2005). Esta laguna junto con la Laguna Madre de Texas, E. U. A. forman el sistema hipersalino m&aacute;s extenso del mundo (Tunell, 2002).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Al sur de la Laguna Madre se establecieron 20 estaciones de muestreo, durante octubre 1997, enero, mayo y julio, 1998, las cuales fueron referenciadas geogr&aacute;ficamente (<a href="#f1">Fig. 1</a> y <a href="#t1">tabla 1</a>).</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="t1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9t1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La toma de muestras se realiz&oacute; mediante arrastres superficiales, con una red de zooplancton de apertura de malla de 500 &micro;m y boca de 50 cm de di&aacute;metro, las muestras biol&oacute;gicas se fijaron en formalina al 4 % neutralizada con borato de sodio. Se midi&oacute; <i>in situ </i>la salinidad y la temperatura superficiales. Los ejemplares fueron separados de la muestra completa e identificados de acuerdo a las descripciones de: Mayer (1910), Russell (1953), Kramp (1959), Kramp (1961) y Bouillon &amp; Boero (2000). Para cada especie se se&ntilde;ala: fecha (d&iacute;a/mes/a&ntilde;o): estaci&oacute;n (n&uacute;mero de individuos). Los par&aacute;metros ambientales est&aacute;n referidos a los sitios de recolecta de cada especie. Los ejemplares est&aacute;n depositados en la Colecci&oacute;n de Invertebrados Planct&oacute;nicos, de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol&oacute;gicas del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESULTADOS</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las nueve especies registradas en el presente estudio pertenecen al Phylum Cnidaria, Subphylum Medusozoa, Clase Hydrozoa, Subclase Hydroidolina y se agrupan en los Ordenes: Leptothecata y Anthoathecata de acuerdo a la clasificaci&oacute;n propuesta por Marques &amp; Collins (2004). Se analizaron 60,709 medusas, de las cuales el 97.5 % correspondieron a <i>Eirene tenuis </i>(Browne, 1905) y el 2.5 % a <i>Bougainvillia superciliaris </i>(L. Agassiz, 1849)<i>, Nemopsis bachei </i>L. Agassiz, 1849, <i>Sarsia tubulosa </i>(M. Sars, 1835), <i>Clytia folleata </i>(McCrady, 1859)<i>, Clytia globosa </i>(Mayer, 1910), <i>Octophialucium medium </i>Kramp, 1955, <i>Phialella quadrata </i>y <i>Ectopleura dumortieri </i>(van Beneden, 1844).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A continuaci&oacute;n se proporcionan los datos del material recolectado en la laguna, as&iacute; como la distribuci&oacute;n mundial para cada especie.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Orden Anthoathecata:</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Bougainvillidae L&ucirc;tken, 1850</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Bougainvillia superciliaris </i>(L. Agassiz, 1849)</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f2.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 2a</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>23/10/1997</b>: 7(1), 9(2); <b>24/10/1997</b>: 11(5), 12(4), 13(34), 14(26), 15(21), 16(1), 20(37). <b>22/01/1998</b>: 2(1), 5(5), 9(11); <b>24/01/1998</b>: 10(114), 11(543), 12(323), 14(35), 15(43), 16(9), 17(6), 18(5), 19(1), 2(48). <b>03/05/1998</b>: 10(6), 11(22), 12(37), 13(7), 14(1), 15(4), 16(17), 18(3), 19(1), 20(13).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 21&#150;45 ups y 18&#150;28&deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos: </i>Alaska; Point Borrow: MacGinitie (1955; en Kramp, 1961). Rusia; Mar Kara: Yashnow (1952), Mar Blanco: Mayer (1910), Mar de Barents: Mayer (1910), Mar de Bering: Yashnow (1952). China; Chaefoo: Chow &amp; Huang (1958). Canad&aacute;; Vancouver: Foerster (1923). E. U. A; Islas Aleutianas: Bigelow (1913). Dinamarca: Kramp (1927). Alemania; Mar B&aacute;ltico: K&uuml;nne (1937; en Kramp, 1961). Mar del Norte: K&uuml;nne (1952; en Kramp, 1961). Inglaterra: Kramp (1930). Irlanda: Kramp (1926). Groenlandia: Mayer (1910), Pedersen &amp; Smidt (2000). Noreste de Canad&aacute;: Dunbar (1942; en Kramp, 1961), Percey &amp; Fife (1981). Noreste de E.U.A: Agassiz (1849), Agassiz (1865), Mayer (1910).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Nemopsis bachei </i>L. Agassiz, 1849</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f2.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 2b</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>22/01/1998</b>: 9(3); <b>24/01/1998</b>: 10(1), 11(19), 12(11), 14(13), 15(23), 16(1), 18(1).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 21&#150;35 ups y 18&#150;21&deg;C.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: Reino Unido de Gran Breta&ntilde;a: Russell (1970). Norte de Holanda: Kramp (1959), Streftaris <i>et al. </i>(2005). Francia; Estuario de Gironda: Tiffon (1957; en Kramp, 1961). Costa oriental E.U.A: Agassiz (1865), Haeckel (1879; en Kramp, 1961), Mayer (1910), Malone (1977), Purcell &amp; Nemazie (1992). Norte del Golfo de M&eacute;xico: Simmons (1957), Moore (1962), Burke (1975).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Corynidae Johnston, 1836</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Sarsia tubulosa </i>(M. Sars, 1835)</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f2.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 2c</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado: </i><b>22/01/1998</b>: 1(4), 4(2), 6(5). <b>02/05/1998</b>: 6(2).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 32&#150;35 ups y 21&#150;27 &deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: Alaska; Point Barrow: McGinitie (1955; en Kramp, 1961). Jap&oacute;n: Uchida (1927). Oeste de Canad&aacute;: Foerster (1923), Arai (1976), Mills (1984). E. U. A; Friday Harbor: Mills (1984), Costello &amp; Colin (2002). Indopac&iacute;fico: Bouillon <i>et al. </i>(2004). Rusia; Mar Blanco: Russell (1953). Alemania; Mar B&aacute;ltico: Russell (1953). Noruega: Sars (1835), Hosia &amp; B&aring;mstedt (2007). Dinamarca: Kramp (1915, en Kramp, 1961), Hansson &amp; Ki&oslash;rboe (2006). Portugal; Islas Azores: Russell (1970). Mar Negro: Russell (1953). Espa&ntilde;a: Gili <i>et al. </i>(1988), Madin (1991), Medel &amp; L&oacute;pez&#150;Gonz&aacute;lez (1996). Reino Unido de Gran Breta&ntilde;a: Russell (1953). Irlanda: Mayer (1910), Southward (1954), Ballard &amp; Myers (2000). Suroeste de Groenlandia: Pedersen &amp; Smidt (2000). Noreste de Canad&aacute;: Dunbar (1942; en Kramp, 1961). E.U.A; Bah&iacute;a de Chesapeake: Schuchert (2001).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Orden Leptothecata:</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Campanularidae Johnston, 1836</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Clytia folleata </i>(McCrady, 1859). </b>(<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f2.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 2d</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>24/10/1997</b>: 12(5), 17(1). <b>22/01/1998</b>: 4(3). <b>03/05/1998</b>: 10(1), 20(2). <b>29/07/1998</b>: 4(2), 5(1), 6(7); <b>30/07/1998</b>: 13(1), 20(6).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 35&#150;50 ups y 21&#150;31 &deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: &Aacute;frica; Bah&iacute;a Sta. Helena: Buecher &amp; Gibbons (2000). Este de E.U.A: McCrady (1857), Mayer (1910). Sureste de M&eacute;xico: Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007), Segura&#150;Puertas &amp; Damas&#150;Romero (1997), Ramos &amp; Segura&#150;Puertas (2004), Su&aacute;rez&#150;Morales <i>et al. </i>(1999). Brasil: Vannucci (1957).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Clytia globosa </i>(Mayer, 1910)</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f3.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 3a</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>03/05/1998</b>: 20(1).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 43.0 ups y 28.0 &deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: India; Vish&agrave;khapatnam: Ganapati &amp; Nagabhushanam (1958). Sureste de E.U.A: Mayer (1910).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Eirene tenuis </i>(Browne, 1905)</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f3.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 3b</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>23/10/1997</b>: 1(2), 2(12), 3(11), 4(62), 5(20), 6(3), 8(4), 9(59), 10(59); <b>24/10/1997</b>: 11(259), 12(1215), 13(7247), 14(4283), 15(1700), 16(797), 17(4223), 18(2), 20(3722). <b>02/05/1998</b>: 8 1). <b>29/07/1998</b>: 1(1), 5(5), 6(1), 8(16); <b>30/07/1998</b>: 10(268), 11(2622), 12(5704), 13(14267), 14(145), 15(43), 16(7), 18(7), 19(26), 20(12406).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 35&#150;51 ups y 24&#150;31 &deg;C.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: Rep&uacute;blica de las Maldivas: Browne (1905). India; Nicobar: Kramp (1958). Caribe Mexicano: Segura&#150;Puertas &amp; Damas&#150;Romero (1997).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Malagazzidae Bouillon, 1984</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Octophialucium medium </i>Kramp, 1955</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f3.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 3c</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>03/05/1998</b>: 10(1).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 38 ups y 25&deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: Oeste de &Aacute;frica: Kramp (1955), Kramp (1957). Sureste de M&eacute;xico: Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007), Segura&#150;Puertas (1992).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Phialellidae Russell, 1953</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Phialella quadrata </i>(Forbes, 1848)</b>. (<a href="#f4">Figs. 4</a> y <a href="#f5">5</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>03/05/1998</b>: 10(2).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 38 ups y 25&deg;C.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: Sur de Australia: Watson (1992), Hewitt (2002). Nueva Zelanda; Isla Suroriental: Russell (1953), Roper <i>et al. </i>(1983), Bouillon (1995). Chile: Fagetti (1973); Bah&iacute;a Mejillones: Palma &amp; Apablaza (2004), Palma <i>et al. </i>(2007); Fiordo de Comau: Galea <i>et al. </i>(2007a). Holanda: Mayer (1910). Reino Unido de Gran Breta&ntilde;a: Forbes (1848); suroeste del Canal de la Mancha a la costa este de Escocia: Russell (1953). Suroeste de Irlanda: Ballard &amp; Myers (2000). Mar Mediterr&aacute;neo; Italia, Croacia, Montenegro, Albania y sur del Mar Adri&aacute;tico: Schmidt &amp; Benovic (1977). Francia: Galea, (2007). Espa&ntilde;a: Medel &amp; L&oacute;pez&#150;Gonz&aacute;lez (1996). &Aacute;frica; Golfo de Guinea: Kramp (1955); Bah&iacute;a Sta. Helena: Buecher &amp; Gibbons (2000).</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f4"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f4.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f5"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f5.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Familia Tubulariidae Fleming, 1828</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Ectopleura dumortieri </i>(van Beneden, 1844)</b>. (<a href="/img/revistas/hbio/v19n3/a9f3.jpg" target="_blank">Fig. 3d</a>)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material examinado</i>: <b>22/01/1998</b>: 4(1); <b>24/01/1998</b>: 12(2), 18(2). <b>29/07/1998</b>: 7(1).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Par&aacute;metros ambientales</i>: 21&#150;37 ups y 18&#150;29&deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Registros previos</i>: China; Chefoo: Chow &amp; Huang (1958). &Iacute;ndia; Vish&agrave;khapatman: Ganapati &amp; Nagabhushanam (1958), Trivandrum: Nair (1951), Fairway Buoy&#150;Cochin: Vannucci <i>et al. </i>(1970). Pac&iacute;fico Mexicano: Foerster (1923). Colombia, Ecuador y Per&uacute;: Segura&#150;Puertas (1984). Chile: Palma &amp; Apablaza (2004), Galea <i>et al. </i>(2007a, b). Dinamarca: Kramp (1933; en Russell, 1953), Allwein (1968; en Russell, 1970). Alemania; Estuario Elbe: K&uuml;hl (1962; en Russell, 1970). B&eacute;lgica: van Beneden (1866). Mar Mediterr&aacute;neo: Stechow (1923; en Kramp, 1961), Bouillon <i>et al. </i>(2004). Espa&ntilde;a: Madin (1991), Medel &amp; L&oacute;pez&#150;Gonz&aacute;lez (1996). Egipto: Zakaria (2004). Portugal: Sousa e Silva &amp; Dos Santos&#150;Pinto (1949). Costa oriental de Reino Unido de Gran Breta&ntilde;a: Mayer (1910), Kramp (1933; en Russell, 1953). &Aacute;frica; Golfo de Guinea: Thiel (1938), Bah&iacute;a Sta. Helena: Buecher &amp; Gibbons (2000), Great Fishbay: Vanh&ouml;ffen (1920). Noreste de E. U. A: Mayer (1910). Brasil: Vannucci (1957), Migotto <i>et al. </i>(2002).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>DISCUSI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La presencia de <i>P. quadrata </i>en el &aacute;rea de estudio constituye el primer registro para el Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico Occidental, su distribuci&oacute;n previa contemplaba las costas de Chile y el Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico Oriental (norte de Europa y &Aacute;frica).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se da a conocer por primera vez la presencia de <i>E. dumortieri </i>en el Golfo de M&eacute;xico, hab&iacute;a sido observada para la costa noreste de E.U.A. por Mayer (1910) y en el hemisferio sur en las costas de Brasil por Vannucci (1957), mientras que <i>C. folleata </i>amplia su distribuci&oacute;n en la regi&oacute;n norte del Golfo de M&eacute;xico cuyos registros anteriores se restring&iacute;an, de acuerdo a Mayer (1910) y Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007), a la costa este de E.U.A. y al Sur del Golfo de M&eacute;xico, respectivamente.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los nuevos registros de <i>B. superciliaris, N. bachei, S. tubulosa </i>y <i>C. globosa </i>amplian su &aacute;rea de distribuci&oacute;n conocida hasta el sur del Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico Occidental, ya que ten&iacute;an como l&iacute;mite la costa este de E. U. A. La presencia de <i>E. tenuis </i>y <i>O. medium </i>en la laguna permiten ubicarlas a mayor latitud (24&deg; N); previamente hab&iacute;an sido recolectadas a una latitud norte m&aacute;xima de 21&deg; 07' (Mar Caribe Mexicano) por Segura&#150;Puertas &amp; Damas&#150;Romero (1997) y a 20&deg; 50' (Sur del Golfo de M&eacute;xico) por Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se ha observado que las poblaciones de algunas especies de medusas fluct&uacute;an con los cambios de las condiciones ambientales naturales (temperatura, precipitaci&oacute;n, salinidad, ox&iacute;geno disuelto, presi&oacute;n atmosf&eacute;rica y productividad) y aquellos provocados por las actividades humanas (pesquera, portuaria, industrial, de urbanizaci&oacute;n y tur&iacute;stica) (Mills, 2001). Por lo que la agregaci&oacute;n y la distribuci&oacute;n de estos organismos pueden estar condicionadas por la variaci&oacute;n de factores biol&oacute;gicos, f&iacute;sicos y qu&iacute;micos en diversos cuerpos de agua; por ejemplo el periodo corto de la fase medusoide que poseen algunas hidromedusas puede determinar su registro escaso, como lo indica Segura&#150;Puertas (1992) para <i>O. medium</i>, o el potencial de adaptaci&oacute;n que poseen algunas especies a altos grados de diluci&oacute;n del agua, que les permite ingresar a sistemas lagunares (Ram&iacute;rez &amp; Zamponi, 1981), como probablemente ocurri&oacute; con <i>B. superciliaris</i>, <i>N. bachei </i>y <i>E. dumortieri</i>, o bien la capacidad de permanecer en condiciones hiperhalinas como: <i>E. tenuis</i>, <i>B. superciliaris </i>y <i>C. folleata</i>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En el &aacute;rea de estudio <i>P. quadrata </i>se recolect&oacute; en zonas con 38 ups y 25 &deg;C, valores mayores a los se&ntilde;alados por Roper <i>et al. </i>(1983), Buecher &amp; Gibbons (2000), Palma &amp; Apablaza (2004) y Galea <i>et al. </i>(2007a) en diversos cuerpos de agua donde la salinidad y temperatura oscilan entre 2&#150;35 ups y 8&#150;23 &deg;C, respectivamente. Adem&aacute;s se ha mencionado a <i>P. quadrata </i>como criptog&eacute;nica por Hewitt (2002) e Inglis <i>et al. </i>(2005) y cosmopolita por Galea <i>et al. </i>(2007b).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Bougainvillia superciliaris </i>se encontr&oacute; en lugares en los que la temperatura fue de 28 &deg;C, a pesar de ser considerada por Russell (1953) como una especie propia de la regi&oacute;n &aacute;rtica donde predominan temperaturas entre 1&#150;11 &deg;C. Kramp (1959) menciona que esta especie al ser transportada por corrientes que se dirigen a latitudes menores ampl&iacute;a su distribuci&oacute;n y puede ser una especie eurit&eacute;rmica; esta caracter&iacute;stica puede conferirle la capacidad de establecerse en la Laguna Madre.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El intervalo de temperatura en el que se observ&oacute; a <i>N. bachei </i>(18&#150;21 &deg;C) y los datos referidos por Moore (1962) en el norte del Golfo de M&eacute;xico (11&#150;16 &deg;C), sugieren que esta especie se distribuye principalmente en temperaturas fr&iacute;as. Los valores de salinidad en los que se present&oacute; en este estudio (21&#150;35 ups) y en anteriores trabajos como los de Burke (1975) (5 ups); Moore (1962) (5.6 y 15 ups) y Simmons (1957) (45&#150;75 ups), indican que la especie puede permanecer en ambientes oligohalinos, euhalinos e hiperhalinos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Russell (1953) consider&oacute; a <i>S. tubulosa </i>como una especie boreal (regi&oacute;n con temperaturas de 3&#150;16 &deg;C) sin embargo Edwards (1978) menciona la presencia de hidroides desde los 2 &deg;C hasta los 20 &deg;C cuando hay disponibilidad de alimento, lo que sugiere que su reproducci&oacute;n no est&aacute; relacionada s&oacute;lo con la temperatura. Por otro lado Mills (1984) consider&oacute; que esta especie es tolerante a cambios de salinidad de hasta 38 ups. En la Laguna Madre se registr&oacute; en lugares con temperaturas desde 21 &deg;C y con salinidades entre 32 y 35 ups; de acuerdo a estos valores y a lo anteriormente se&ntilde;alado se puede decir que la laguna proporciona condiciones favorables para la permanencia de la especie.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Clytia folleata </i>y <i>E. tenuis </i>se presentaron en la Laguna Madre en sitios con salinidades hasta 50 y 51 ups, respectivamente y en temperaturas m&aacute;ximas de 31 &deg;C, par&aacute;metros mayores a los se&ntilde;alados por Su&aacute;rez&#150;Morales <i>et al. </i>(1999), quienes registraron a <i>Clytia folleata </i>en lugares con 34&#150;38 ups y con 26&#150;28 &deg;C y Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007) quienes la reportan en sitios con 23.7&#150;36.4 ups y 27.6&#150;29.9 &deg;C, mientras que Segura&#150;Puertas &amp; Damas&#150;Romero (1997) encontraron a <i>E. tenuis </i>en zonas con 31.5 ups y 28 &deg;C.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Ectopleura dumortieri </i>se recolect&oacute; en sitios con 21&#150;37 ups, lo que amplia su l&iacute;mite superior de tolerancia, ya que hab&iacute;a sido registrada s&oacute;lo en lugares con 30.6 ups por Hopkins (1966). La presencia de <i>O</i>. <i>medium </i>en zonas con 38 ups sobrepasa el l&iacute;mite de salinidad encontrado previamente (34&#150;36 ups) por Segura&#150;Puertas (1992) y de 30&#150;36 ups por Loman&#150;Ramos <i>et al. </i>(2007) para la especie; estos intervalos de salinidad indican que es probable que se trate de una especie marina que puede entrar a sistemas costeros de manera ocasional.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las hidromedusas tambi&eacute;n pueden ampliar sus l&iacute;mites de distribuci&oacute;n geogr&aacute;fica debido a su capacidad de dispersi&oacute;n natural, la cual act&uacute;a de manera local (Graham <i>et al., </i>2001). La fase medusoide es una forma de dispersi&oacute;n activa durante un periodo corto de tiempo, en contraste con la fase bent&oacute;nica, que tiene la capacidad de permanecer durante periodos prolongados e incluso ser permanente (Cornelius, 1995).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La dispersi&oacute;n de la fase planct&oacute;nica de las hidromedusas puede ocurrir por el movimiento de corrientes y masas de agua (van der Spoel, 1991; Wolff, 2005); por ejemplo <i>N. bachei </i>ha sido registrada en la costa oeste del Oc&eacute;ano Atl&aacute;ntico (Agassiz, 1865; Mayer, 1910), as&iacute; como en el norte del Golfo de M&eacute;xico (Moore, 1962; Burke, 1975) y en la Laguna Madre de Texas (Simmons, 1957) esto sugiere una posible penetraci&oacute;n a trav&eacute;s de corrientes a la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas. Sin embargo, es importante considerar que la adhesi&oacute;n de sus colonias de hidroides a los cascos de los barcos, act&uacute;a como un mecanismo de dispersi&oacute;n, el cual ha propiciado el transporte de esta fase de la especie desde la costa este de E. U. A. hasta el Golfo de M&eacute;xico (Moore, 1962), as&iacute; como su introducci&oacute;n en el Atl&aacute;ntico Europeo (Wolf, 2005) y en el Mar Mediterr&aacute;neo (Streftaris <i>et al., </i>2005).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Con base en este estudio, el n&uacute;mero de especies de hidro&#150;medusas en la costa mexicana del Golfo de M&eacute;xico se eleva a 75.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>AGRADECIMIENTOS</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A la Secretar&iacute;a de Investigaci&oacute;n y Posgrado (SIP) del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional (I.P.N.) y a la Comisi&oacute;n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) por el financiamiento otorgado para la realizaci&oacute;n de este estudio. A la M. en C. Laura Celis Guti&eacute;rrez por su valioso apoyo en el trabajo de laboratorio. Al Dr. Pedro Garc&iacute;a Barrera por la revisi&oacute;n cr&iacute;tica al manuscrito final, as&iacute; como a los revisores an&oacute;nimos por sus atinados comentarios.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCIAS</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
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