<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-8897</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-8897</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-88972007000300011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Distribución espacial de las bacterias sulfatorreductoras en el sedimento de una laguna costera]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spatial distribution of sulfate reducing bacteria in the sediment of a coastal lagoon]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María del Rocío]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Hidrobiología Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Costeros]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>277</fpage>
<lpage>279</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-88972007000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-88972007000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-88972007000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Las bacterias sulfatorreductoras son los principales microorganismos involucrados en la mineralización anaeróbica de la materia orgánica en sedimentos marinos y costeros. Su abundancia y distribución están relacionadas con diversas variables ambientales. En un estudio en el complejo estuarino-lagunar de Alvarado-Camaronera (Veracruz) se determinó que las características reductoras y pH cercanos a la neutralidad en el sedimento contribuyeron al desarrollo de las bacterias sulfatorreductoras. Estos microorganismos fueron más abundantes en los tres primeros centímetros de profundidad del sedimento, donde la disponibilidad de sulfatos es mayor; como consecuencia de la actividad sulfatorreductora en los estratos superficiales se incrementó el contenido de sulfuro.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Sulfate reducing bacteria are the main microorganisms involved in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter in marine, and coastal sediments. Their abundance and distribution is related to several environmental variables. In a study in Alvarado-Camaronera coastal lagoon ecosystem, was established that reducing characteristics and neutral pH in the sediments contributed the sulfate reducing bacteria development. These microorganisms were abundant in the first three centimeters of the sediment, where sulfates are highly available. As a result of the sulfate reduction activity in superficial sediments, sulfide concentration was increased.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bacterias sulfatorreductoras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[distribución vertical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sedimentos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lagunas costeras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sulfate reducing bacteria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vertical distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sediments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coastal lagoon]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Notas cient&iacute;ficas</font></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Distribuci&oacute;n espacial de las bacterias sulfatorreductoras en el sedimento de una laguna costera</b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Spatial distribution of sulfate reducing bacteria in the sediment of a coastal lagoon</b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Mar&iacute;a del Roc&iacute;o Torres&#45;Alvarado</b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Costeros. Departamento de Hidrobiolog&iacute;a. Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana&#45;Iztapalapa. Apartado postal 55&#45;535. 09340 M&eacute;xico, D. F.</i> E&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:rta@xanum.uam.mx">rta@xanum.uam.mx</a></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido: 25 de noviembre de 2006    <br> 	Aceptado: 10 de octubre de 2007</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las bacterias sulfatorreductoras son los principales microorganismos involucrados en la mineralizaci&oacute;n anaer&oacute;bica de la materia org&aacute;nica en sedimentos marinos y costeros. Su abundancia y distribuci&oacute;n est&aacute;n relacionadas con diversas variables ambientales. En un estudio en el complejo estuarino&#45;lagunar de Alvarado&#45;Camaronera (Veracruz) se determin&oacute; que las caracter&iacute;sticas reductoras y pH cercanos a la neutralidad en el sedimento contribuyeron al desarrollo de las bacterias sulfatorreductoras. Estos microorganismos fueron m&aacute;s abundantes en los tres primeros cent&iacute;metros de profundidad del sedimento, donde la disponibilidad de sulfatos es mayor; como consecuencia de la actividad sulfatorreductora en los estratos superficiales se increment&oacute; el contenido de sulfuro.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Bacterias sulfatorreductoras, distribuci&oacute;n vertical, sedimentos, lagunas costeras.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Sulfate reducing bacteria are the main microorganisms involved in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter in marine, and coastal sediments. Their abundance and distribution is related to several environmental variables. In a study in Alvarado&#45;Camaronera coastal lagoon ecosystem, was established that reducing characteristics and neutral pH in the sediments contributed the sulfate reducing bacteria development. These microorganisms were abundant in the first three centimeters of the sediment, where sulfates are highly available. As a result of the sulfate reduction activity in superficial sediments, sulfide concentration was increased.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> Sulfate reducing bacteria, vertical distribution, sediments, coastal lagoon.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La abundancia, distribuci&oacute;n y actividad de las bacterias sulfatorreductoras (BSR), en sedimentos marinos y costeros, se han estudiado principalmente en ambientes de latitudes templadas. A partir de dichos trabajos se ha establecido que las BSR se localizan principalmente en los primeros cent&iacute;metros (e incluso mil&iacute;metros) de la columna sedimentaria, donde son las responsables de mineralizar, bajo condiciones anaer&oacute;bicas, hasta el 53&#45;60% de la materia org&aacute;nica; sin embargo, esta caracter&iacute;stica puede variar con las diferentes condiciones hidrol&oacute;gicas y clim&aacute;ticas (J&oslash;rgensen, 1982; De Laune <i>et al.</i>, 2002).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Debido a la poca informaci&oacute;n disponible de las BSR en sedimentos costeros tropicales, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la abundancia y distribuci&oacute;n de dicha microbiota en dos profundidades del sedimento de una laguna costera tropical en el Golfo de M&eacute;xico, as&iacute; como su relaci&oacute;n con las variables sedimentarias.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En el complejo estuarino&#45;lagunar de Alvarado&#45;Camaronera, ubicado en el Estado de Veracruz (18&ordm; 45' y 18&ordm; 52' N y 95&ordm; 49' y 95&ordm; 58' O), se obtuvieron muestras de sedimentos en los meses de abril, julio y noviembre (1998) en dos estaciones, Camaronera y Alvarado. Las muestras se colectaron con un nucleador de 30 cm de largo y 4.5 cm de di&aacute;metro, determin&aacute;ndose <i>in situ</i> a 3 y 6 cm de profundidad la temperatura (term&oacute;metro, intervalo de &#45;10 a 60 &ordm;C), pH y el potencial de oxido&#45;reducci&oacute;n (Eh) (electrodos de calomel y de platino, potenci&oacute;metro marca Conductronic pH 120) (Patrick <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los an&aacute;lisis microbiol&oacute;gicos se efectuaron bajo una atm&oacute;sfera de nitr&oacute;geno. Las BSR se cuantificaron a 3 y 6 cm de profundidad con la t&eacute;cnica del tubo rodado de Hungate (1969), utilizando cinco tubos por diluci&oacute;n y empleando la modificaci&oacute;n del medio de cultivo de Postgate (1963), con acetato e hidr&oacute;geno como substratos. Los tubos rodados se incubaron a 32&ordm; C durante 7 d&iacute;as, cont&aacute;ndose como BSR las colonias de color negro.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En los mismos estratos donde se efectu&oacute; el an&aacute;lisis microbiol&oacute;gico, se cuantific&oacute; en el agua intersticial (previa extracci&oacute;n por centrifugaci&oacute;n) (Howes, 1985) el contenido de sulfatos (Howarth, 1978) y de sulfuro (Cord&#45;Ruwisch, 1985). En el sedimento h&uacute;medo se evalu&oacute; el contenido de s&oacute;lidos totales (ST) (APHA <i>et al.</i>, 1989).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A partir de los resultados fisicoqu&iacute;micos obtenidos, se estableci&oacute; que el intervalo de temperatura registrado en el sedimento (27&#45;33&ordm;C), caracter&iacute;stico de ambientes marinos y de humedales de latitudes tropicales (Neue <i>et al.</i>, 1997), contribuy&oacute; al crecimiento de las BSR.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En lo que respecta al pH, las BSR prefieren un medio ambiente con caracter&iacute;sticas cercanas a la neutralidad y rara vez se desarrollan en ambientes con pH inferiores a 6 o superiores a 9 (Widdel, 1988); por lo cual, el intervalo de pH cuantificado en este estudio (6.6&#45;7.5) fue adecuado para las BSR.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A partir de los intervalos de Eh evaluados, las caracter&iacute;sticas del sedimento fueron de reducidas (&#45;100 a +100 mV) a altamente reducidas (&#45;300 a &#45;100 mV) (Patrick <i>et al.</i>, 1996). Estas condiciones de &oacute;xido&#45;reducci&oacute;n permitieron el desarrollo de las BSR, cuya presencia se ha reportado desde potenciales redox de &#45;115 hasta &#45;450 mV (Patrick &amp; Jugsujinda, 1995).</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este estudio, aunque en ambas profundidades analizadas estuvieron las BSR, su densidad present&oacute; variaciones espaciales. La densidad de las BSR fue superior en los 3 cm primeros cent&iacute;metros del sedimento y disminuy&oacute; al incrementarse la profundidad (<a href="#f1">Fig. 1</a>). A partir de un an&aacute;lisis de ANOVA se determin&oacute; que dichas diferencias fueron significativas (p &lt; 0.05), tanto para las cuantificaciones efectuadas con acetato (p = 0.0002), como con hidr&oacute;geno (p = 0.0002). Esta distribuci&oacute;n puede atribuirse a la presencia de suficiente sulfato en los primeros cent&iacute;metros del sedimento (8.3&#45;10.7 mM), lo que permiti&oacute; que las BSR metabolizaran eficientemente los principales productos resultantes de la fermentaci&oacute;n. A una mayor profundidad la cantidad de sulfato disponible disminuy&oacute; (3.3&#45;4.2 mM) limitando su crecimiento.</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/hbio/v17n3/a11f1.jpg"></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En diversos trabajos en sedimentos costeros tambi&eacute;n se ha reportado la m&aacute;xima actividad sulfatorreductora en los primeros cent&iacute;metros del sedimento (Howarth, 1993; Fukui <i>et al.</i>, 1997). La raz&oacute;n para este comportamiento se relacion&oacute; principalmente a la disponibilidad del aceptor de electrones para las BSR (Winfrey &amp; Ward, 1983); as&iacute; como a la presencia de un contenido elevado de materia org&aacute;nica y potenciales redox inferiores a &#45;120 mV (Teske <i>et al.</i>, 1998)</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Como consecuencia de la actividad sulfatorreductora se libera sulfuro, hecho que da como resultado que las concentraciones de este compuesto fueran m&aacute;s elevadas a menor profundidad del sedimento (1.3&#45;2.1 mM) en comparaci&oacute;n con el fondo (0.1&#45;0.8 mM). Indebr&eacute; <i>et al</i>. (1979) determinaron la concentraci&oacute;n m&aacute;s elevada de sulfuros entre los 2 y 4 cm de profundidad, relacion&aacute;ndose con una mayor abundancia de las BSR.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Aunado a la variaci&oacute;n vertical, se cuantific&oacute; una mayor abundancia a partir de acetato (1.3x10<sup>4</sup>&#45;6.6x10<sup>6</sup>; promedio = 2.8 x10<sup>6</sup> bacterias/g ST) en comparaci&oacute;n con el hidr&oacute;geno (1.3x10<sup>4&#45;</sup> 4.3x10<sup>4</sup>; promedio = 2.8x10<sup>4</sup> bacterias/g ST). Se considera que el acetato es la fuente principal de energ&iacute;a para la sulfatorreducci&oacute;n en sedimentos ricos en materia org&aacute;nica y sulfatos, llegando a representar del 35.5 al 100% de la misma. El hidr&oacute;geno es importante principalmente en sedimentos &aacute;cidos (Parkes <i>et al.</i>, 1989; Canfield <i>et al.</i>, 2005).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Por consiguiente, la presencia de las BSR en el sedimento del complejo lagunar de Alvarado&#45;Camaronera se favoreci&oacute; por las caracter&iacute;sticas de temperatura, pH y Eh; determin&aacute;ndose una variaci&oacute;n espacial, con la mayor densidad en los primeros tres cent&iacute;metros, que disminuy&oacute; al aumentar la profundidad. Esta distribuci&oacute;n se relacion&oacute; con la disponibilidad de sulfatos. La distribuci&oacute;n vertical observada proporcion&oacute; informaci&oacute;n sobre la profundidad en la cual la mineralizaci&oacute;n anaer&oacute;bica de la materia org&aacute;nica, a trav&eacute;s de la sulfatorreducci&oacute;n, es importante en los sedimentos de las lagunas costeras tropicales.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">APHA, AWWA &amp; WPCF. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association &amp; Water Pollution Control Federation (Eds.). 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, D. C. 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