<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-6649</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Tópicos (México)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tópicos (México)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-6649</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Filosofía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-66492021000200403</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21555/top.v0i61.1197</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Suffering of Invertebrates: An Approach from Animal Ethics]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El sufrimiento de los invertebrados: una aproximación desde la ética animal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villamor Iglesias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Educación Secundaria Carmen Martín Gaite  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>61</numero>
<fpage>403</fpage>
<lpage>420</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-66492021000200403&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-66492021000200403&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-66492021000200403&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Invertebrate animals are usually seen as a kind of &#8220;aliens&#8221; which do not deserve any moral consideration. However, there is a growing amount of evidence indicating that many of them do have the capacity to experience pain. The same criteria that are usually applied in order to infer that vertebrates are sentient beings (behavioral response, learning capacity, memory, a certain specific neurophysiological structure&#8230;) lead to the idea that many invertebrates are sentient as well. Therefore, under the skeptical premise that we have no direct evidence of the experience of pain in vertebrates, we are forced to hold that it exists in both vertebrates and invertebrates.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los animales invertebrados son comúnmente vistos como una suerte de &#8220;aliens&#8221; que no merecen ninguna consideración moral. No obstante, una creciente cantidad de evidencias nos indica que muchos de ellos poseen la capacidad de experimentar dolor. Los mismos criterios que son normalmente empleados para inferir que los vertebrados son seres sintientes (respuesta conductual, capacidad de aprendizaje, memoria, una estructura neurofisiológica concreta&#8230;) nos conducen a la idea de que muchos invertebrados son igualmente sintientes. Por ende, bajo la premisa escéptica de que no tenemos ninguna evidencia directa de la experiencia del dolor en vertebrados, estamos forzados a mantener que ésta existe tanto en vertebrados como en invertebrados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sentience]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nociception]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[invertebrate suffering]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antispeciesism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sintiencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nocicepción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sufrimiento de los invertebrados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antiespecismo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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