<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992025000100118</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/rica.55232</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The influence of density, temperature and time on acid leaching of lithium-ion battery cathodes for lithium and cobalt recovery from mobile phones]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Influencia de la densidad, la temperatura y el tiempo en la lixiviación ácida de los cátodos de baterías de iones de litio para la recuperación de litio y cobalto de teléfonos móviles]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Condori-Ventura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rocío Estefani]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto-Huarca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilca-Quispe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Whitney Juliette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tapia-Medrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia Rossana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa Facultad de Ingeniería de Procesos, Área de Ingeniería Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Arequipa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa Investiga, Vicerrectorado de Investigación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Arequipa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100118&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100118&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100118&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Urban mining has gained prominence in recent years due to the drawbacks and high costs associated with sourcing raw materials for the production of electrical and electronic devices. Therefore, the efficient recovery of valuable metals is a challenge. This study aims to investigate the effect of density, temperature and time on the leaching process. Pure powdered cathode material was obtained by dismantling spent mobile phone batteries. A two-level factorial experimental design with a replication at the center was proposed to analyze the effect on the recovery of lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co). Nine sulphuric acid leaching experiments were carried out, varying the pulp density (64.5-196 g/L), temperature (50-100 ºC) and time (60-210 min). After processing the data in Statgraphics Centurion XVIII software, the highest recoveries for both metals were 64.5 g/L at 100 ºC for 60 minutes, resulting in recoveries of 76.16 % Li and 31.17 % Co. They therefore have a residue generation ratio per gram recovered of 91.2 g waste/g Li and 36.1 g waste/g Co. The analysis showed that the pulp density (ratio of powdered cathode material to water solution with sulphuric acid) and time had the most significant effect on the lithium recovery efficiency as their values decreased. On the other hand, cobalt recovery efficiency is influenced by temperature, with higher temperatures leading to better recovery rates.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La minería urbana ha tomado protagonismo en los últimos años debido a las desventajas altos y costos que requiere la obtención de materia prima para la producción de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos, por ende, en la actualidad, la recuperación de metales valiosos es un reto. La presente investigación se ha realizado con el objetivo de analizar el comportamiento de las variables más influyentes en el proceso de lixiviación, como son: densidad, temperatura y tiempo. Se utilizaron cátodos de baterías agotadas de celulares, para ello se desmantelaron baterías y se obtuvo material catódico puro en polvo. Luego, para analizar la influencia en el porcentaje de recuperación de litio (Li) y cobalto (Co), se propuso un diseño experimental factorial de dos niveles con una repetición en el centro, se ejecutaron nueve pruebas de lixiviación con ácido sulfúrico con los siguientes valores asignados a los factores variables: densidad de pulpa (64.5-196 g/L), temperatura (50-100 ºC) y tiempo (60-210 min). A continuación, los datos obtenidos se procesaron en el software Statgraphics Centurion XVIII y se obtuvieron los valores de mayor recuperación para ambos metales los cuales son: 64.5 g/L, 100 ºC y 60 min, con ello, se logró recuperar el 76.16 % de Li y el 31.17 % de Co. Los resultados se analizaron y se concluyó que, en caso de la eficiencia para la recuperación del litio las variables más influyentes son la densidad de pulpa (relación de material catódico en polvo y la solución de agua más ácido sulfúrico) y el tiempo cuando disminuyen su valor, por otro lado, la eficiencia de recuperación del cobalto es influida por la temperatura cuando esta aumenta su valor.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electronic waste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electrolyte]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urban mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hydrometallurgy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sulphuric acid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[residuos electrónicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[electrolitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[minería urbana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hidrometalurgia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ácido sulfúrico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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