<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992005000100023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[EMISIÓN DE N 2 O CON FERTILIZACIÓN NITROGENADA EN FERTIRRIEGO Y FERTILIZACIÓN CONVENCIONAL]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora Ravelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra Grisell]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval Villa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gavi Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Prometeo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de Postgraduados  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de Postgraduados Instituto de Recursos Naturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montecillo Edo. de México]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992005000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992005000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992005000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El relacionar el uso de fertilizantes químicos u orgánicos nitrogenados con la contami nación ambiental, implica adoptar alternativas que reduzcan las pérdidas de nitrógeno (N) del suelo que podría ser utilizado por los cultivos. La fertirrigación es una técnica de aplicación de agua y fertilizante que mejora la eficiencia en el uso de los fertilizantes mediante el riego por goteo. No existen reportes sobre como la fertirrigación afecta a la desnitrificación. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar cómo afectan la fertirrigación y la fertilización convencional a la desnitrificación y verificar si, efectivamente, es posi ble reducir las emisiones de óxido nitroso (N2O) hacia la atmósfera. Se utilizó la captura de N2O in situpor el método adaptado por Grageda (1999) y Vivanco (2000). Las mues tras de N2O se tomaron a las 2, 24, 48 y 72 h después del riego. La temperatura del suelo se midió con un termómetro aproximadamente a 10 cm de profundidad del suelo. La humedad del suelo (0 -12 cm) se determinó con la ayuda de un instrumento DT Delta- T devices, tipo ML2 ThetaProbe. La cuantificación de N2O fue por cromatografía de gases. Los cálculos y análisis estadístico se efectuaron con el paquete estadístico SAS (SAS 1998). Los resultados obtenidos para la emisión de N2O manifiestan que el factor que más influyó en el sistema de riego convencional fue la humedad ya que existió una diferencia significativa a las 2, 24 y 48 h después del riego con respecto al fertirriego (riego por goteo). A pesar de que estadísticamente no hubo diferencia significativa en la emisión de N2O entre sistemas se obtuvo una concentración en riego por goteo de 0.69 y 2.82 mM menor que en el sistema convencional a las 48 y 72 h. Las temperaturas registradas a lo largo del desarrollo del cultivo estuvieron por debajo de las reportadas, por lo que se asume que este factor influyó en la disminución de la producción de N2O. Con respecto al pH del suelo se trabajó en un rango de 8.0 a 8.4, promedio superior al reportado como pH óptimo para el crecimiento de brócoli por lo que probablemente también influyó en la emisión de NO en el sistema convencional y en el fertirriego.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The use of chemical and organic nitrogen fertilizers and its relationship to environmental contamination implies the necessity of implementing alternatives that may reduce nitrogen losses from soil and hence increase nitrogen use efficiency by crops. Fertirrigation is a technique of water and fertilizers application that improves fertilizers use efficiency. There are no reports on fertirrigation effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions or denitrification. The objective of the present work was to study the effect of fertirrigation and conventional fertilization on denitrification and verify if fertirrigation can reduce N2O emissions to the atmosphere. N2O was trapped in situby the method adapted by Grageda (1999) and Vivanco (2000). The samples of N2O were taken at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h after irrigation. Soil temperature was taken with a regular thermometer approximately at 10 cm of soil depth. Soil water (0-12 cm) was monitored by using a DT Delta - T device, type ML2 ThetaProbe. N2O quantification was carried out by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis and figures were developed using the SAS soft ware (SAS 1998). The figures and results obtained demonstrated that soil water strongly affected N2O emission since there were significant differences at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h after irrigation compared to conventional fertilization and irrigation. In spite of the fact that differences between systems were not significant, N2O emission for fertirrigation was 0.69 and 2.82 for conventional fertilization at 48 and 72 h. The temperature registered along crop growing season were lower than optimum temperature for denitrification, and it is believed that low temperature decreases denitrification. Soil pH ranged from 8.0 to 8.4, which is significantly higher than optimum for denitrificacion and this may affect negatively N2O emissions in conventional and fertirrigation nitrogen fertilization.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[óxido nitroso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[denitrificación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nitrógeno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[humedad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nitrous oxide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[denitrification]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nitrogen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humidity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide production by denitri fication and nitrification in temperate forest, grassland and agricultural soils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur. J. Soil Sci.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>195-502</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aulakh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Soil denitrification significance, measurement and effects of managament]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv. Soil Sci.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>2-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergstrom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenuta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beauchamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitroux oxide production and flux from soil under sod-? following application of different nitrogen fertilizers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>553-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouwman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Exchange of greenhouse gases between terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere. Soils and the greenhouse effect]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chichester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brumme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanism for carbon and nutrient release and retention in beech forest gaps. III. Environmental regulation of soil respiration and nitrous oxide emissions along a microclimatic gradient]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Plant Soil]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>168-169</volume>
<page-range>593-600</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physiology and biochemistry of denitrification]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[C. C.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Delwieke]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Denitrification, nitrification and atmospheric nitroux oxide]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<page-range>67-84</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conrad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Séller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors influencing the loss of nitrogen fertilizers into the atmosphere as N2O]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Geophys. Res.]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<page-range>6709-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crutzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Atmospheric chemical processes of the oxides of nitrogen, including nitroux oxide]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[C. C.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Delwieke]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Denitrification, nitrification and atmospheric nitroux oxide]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<page-range>17</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eichner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitroux oxide emission from fertilizer soils: summary of available data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Environ. Qual.]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>272-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grageda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.O.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La fertilización nitrogenada en el bajío guanajuatense como fuente potencial de contaminantes ambientales]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Irapuato, Guanajuato, México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CINVESTAV]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Livington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of chamber sytems to measure trace gas fluxes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D. E.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roslton]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L. A.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Halper]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[A. R.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mosier]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[J. M]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Duxbury]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural ecosystem effects on trace gases and global climate change]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>63-78</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madison, WI ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society of Agronomy]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[J. T.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Houghton]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Climate change. The IPCCscientifc assessmeent]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ludevid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El cambio global en el medio ambiente]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alfaomega]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitroux oxide emissions from agricultural soils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fert. Res.]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>191-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Batallón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ouro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flujos de CH y N O en el suelo forestal del norte de España, bajo diferentes manejos de restos de corta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Edafología]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>47-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rechcigl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Soil amendments and environmental quality]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[E.J.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rechcigl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural and Environmental Series]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>1-64</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[EUA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lewis Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rochette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Bochove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prévost]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coté]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics following application of pig slurry for the 19* consecutive year: nitroux oxide fluxes and mineral nitrogen]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>1396-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ryden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[N2O exchange between a grassland soil and the atmosphere]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>292</volume>
<page-range>235-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teira-Esmatges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Cleemput]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portacasanellas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fluxes of nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen from irrigated soil of Catalonia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Environ. Qual.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>687-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tiedje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sextone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myrold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Denitrification: ecological niches, competition and suvirval]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>569-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SAS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[SAS/STAT user's guide. Release 6.12]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cary, NC. EUA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAS Inst.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vivanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.R.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Flujos de nitrógeno en suelos cultivados con forrajes y regados con aguas residuales]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montecillo, México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Postgraduados]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villareal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrición nitrogenada, fosfórica y potásica, en riego por goteo, y su efecto en la producción de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montecillo, México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Postgraduados]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
