<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-3380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Economía: teoría y práctica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Econ: teor. práct]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-3380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, a través de la Unidad Iztapalapa, la Unidad Azcapotzalco y la Unidad Xochimilco, División de Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-33802023000100071</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24275/etypuam/ne/582023/gallardo</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Wage Income Distribution in Mexico: A Nonparametric Approach]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Distribución del ingreso salarial en México: Un enfoque no paramétrico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo Del Angel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>58</numero>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>91</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-33802023000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-33802023000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-33802023000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper offers an analysis of wage income inequality for Mexico and offers some insights about welfare improvements for several categories of workers. We analyze real wage distributions at different points of time, using mainly nonparametric techniques. Kernel densities and smoothing techniques are used to analyze changes in the distribution of wages and labor supply for the first quarters of 2010 and 2020. We also use stochastic dominance analysis to observe welfare improvements for each category of workers and the Wasserstein distance to confirm changes in wage inequality. Our main results show that overall wage income inequality decreased, though the change is small and the categories that improved are those traditionally considered informal and low human capital workers, such as young people, workers with only elementary education and manufacturing or agricultural workers. The welfare of these groups also improved during the same period, yet welfare gains are negative for highly educated and experienced workers with a high level of human capital, including unionized and government or health sector workers. Intra-group wage distribution became more unequal for these workers. The results contradict the technological-bias change found during the initial years of free trade and market reforms in the 1980s and 1990s.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este documento contiene un análisis sobre la desigualdad de ingresos salariales en México y ofrece algunas ideas sobre las mejoras en el bienestar para algunas categorías de trabajadores. Analizamos las distribuciones de salarios reales en diferentes momentos utilizando principalmente técnicas no paramétricas. Se utilizaron densidades Kernel y técnicas de suavizamiento (Smoothing) para analizar cambios en la distribución de salarios y oferta laboral para los primeros trimestres de 2010 y 2020. También usamos análisis de dominancia estocástica para observar mejoras en el bienestar para cada categoría de trabajadores y la distancia de Wasserstein para confirmar cambios en desigualdad salarial. Nuestros principales resultados muestran que la desigualdad general de ingresos salariales disminuyó, aunque el cambio es pequeño y las categorías que mejoraron son aquellos tradicionalmente considerados trabajadores con bajo nivel de capital humano e informales, como podrían ser los trabajadores jóvenes, los que solo tienen educación primaria y los que trabajan en la industria manufacturera o la agricultura. Durante el mismo período, estos grupos también mejoraron en términos de bienestar. Por el contrario, las mejoras en el bienestar son negativas para los trabajadores altamente educados y experimentados con un alto nivel de capital humano, incluidos los sindicalizados y que trabajan en el sector público o los trabajadores de la salud. Para estos trabajadores, la distribución del salario intragrupo se hizo más desigual. Los resultados contradicen el cambio de sesgo tecnológico encontrado durante los años iniciales de las reformas de libre comercio y mercado de los años 80 y 90.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Wage inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[technological-bias change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[welfare gains]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdad salarial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio de sesgo tecnológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ganancias de bienestar]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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<given-names><![CDATA[Uwe]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inderst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roman]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhbier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[M. Lands-Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stochastic Dominance: Theory and Applications]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Citeseer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
