<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-893X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Educación química]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Educ. quím]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-893X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-893X2017000400232</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eq.2017.06.004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The alkyl group is a -I + R substituent]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El grupo alquilo es un sustituyente -I + R]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvatella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Zaragoza Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zaragoza ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>232</fpage>
<lpage>237</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-893X2017000400232&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-893X2017000400232&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-893X2017000400232&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Electronic substituent effects are usually classified as inductive (through &#120590;-bonds) and resonance effects (via &#120587;-bonds). The alkyl group has been usually regarded as a &#120590;-electron donor substituent (+I effect, according to the Ingold&#8217;s classification). However, a &#120590;-withdrawing, &#120587;-donor effect (&#8210;I + R pattern) allows explaining the actual electron-withdrawing behavior of alkyl groups when bound to sp3 carbon atoms as well as their well-known electron-releasing properties when attached to sp2 or sp atoms. Alkyl substitution effects on several molecular properties (dipole moments, NMR, IR, and UV spectra, reactivity in gas phase and solution) are discussed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Los efectos electrónicos del sustituyente se clasifican habitualmente como inductivos (a través de enlaces &#120590;) o de resonancia (mediante enlaces &#120587;). El grupo alquilo ha sido considerado habitualmente como un sustituyente dador de densidad electrónica &#120590; (+I, según la clasificación de Ingold). Sin embargo, un patrón &#120590;-aceptor &#120587;-dador (&#8210;I + R) permite explicar el comportamiento real de los grupos alquilo como atractores de electrones cuando están unidos a átomos de carbono sp3, así como sus conocidas propiedades dadoras de electrones cuando están unidos a átomos sp2 o sp. Se discuten los efectos de sustitución del grupo alquilo en varias propiedades moleculares (momentos dipolares, espectros de RMN, IR y UV, reactividad en fase gas y disolución).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Second-year undergraduate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Misconceptions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Textbooks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Acids/bases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Covalent bonding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[IR spectroscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[NMR spectroscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[UV-Vis spectroscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Segundo curso de grado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Química orgánica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Errores conceptuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Libros de texto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ácidos/bases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enlace covalente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Espectroscopía IR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Espectroscopía RMN]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Espectroscopía UV-Vis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allred]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electronegativity values from thermochemical data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>215-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Carbocations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>487-508</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Webb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quantitative proton affinities, ionization potentials, and hydrogen affinities of alkylamines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>311-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baeten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Proft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geerlings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Basicity of primary amines: A group properties based study of the importance of inductive (electronegativity and softness) and resonance effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chemical Physics Letters]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>235</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>17-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waltman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacansky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ab initio investigation of the conformational energies, rotational barriers, molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, and dipole moments of aldehydes and ketones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Physical Chemistry]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<issue>26</issue>
<page-range>10511-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blokzijl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. B. F. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hydrophobic effects. Opinions and facts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1545-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bocca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pontes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Implications of hyperconjugative effects on bond lengths of allylic systems: An NBO investigation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Molecular Structure (THEOCHEM)]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>710</volume>
<numero>1-3</numero>
<issue>1-3</issue>
<page-range>105-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Böhm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Exner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prediction of molecular dipole moments from bond moments: Testing of the method by DFT calculations on isolated molecules]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>510-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brauman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gas-phase acidities of amines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2126-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brauman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riveros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gas-phase basicities of amines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>3914-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The electronic properties of alkyl groups. II. The dipole moments of alkyl benzenes and derivatives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>3232-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iverson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anslyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foote]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Belmont, CA, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cengage Learning]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burrows]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Price]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chemistry 3: Introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, UK ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Actual effects controlling the acidity of carboxylic acids]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Chemical Education]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>338-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Delhi, India ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Global Media]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaloner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry: A mechanistic approach]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boca Raton, FL, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thermodynamics of proton ionization in dilute aqueous solution. VII. &#916;H° and &#916;S° values for proton ionization from carboxylic acids at 25&#9702;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>213-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lange&#8217;s handbook on chemistry]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<edition>15</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DePuy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gronert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bierbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damrauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Gas-Phase Acidities of the Alkanes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1968-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaljurand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kütt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klamt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diedenhofen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prediction of acidity in acetonitrile solution with COSMO-RS]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Computational Chemistry]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>799-810</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[E&#287;e]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry: Structure and reactivity]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Houghton Mifflin College Div.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerothanassis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oxygen-17 NMR spectroscopy: Basic principles and applications (Part I)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>95-197</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graziano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hydration entropy of polar nonpolar and charged species]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chemical Physics Letters]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>479</volume>
<numero>1-3</numero>
<issue>1-3</issue>
<page-range>56-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hameka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theoretical studies of the methyl rotational barrier in toluene]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Molecular Structure (THEOCHEM)]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>362</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>325-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hadad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Craine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry: A short course]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Belmont, CA, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brooks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hehre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pople]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The methyl inductive effect on acid-base strengths]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tetrahedron Letters]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>34</numero>
<issue>34</issue>
<page-range>2959-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinchliffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kidd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CH bond dipole]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions 2: Molecular and Chemical Physics]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>172-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornback]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Belmont, CA, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomson Brooks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism in organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>1953</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ithaca, NY, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornell University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Invitation to organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Burlington, MA, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krygowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[St&#281;pie&#324;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sigma- and pi-electron delocalization: Focus on substituent effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chemical Reviews]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>3482-512</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laurie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the inductive effect of methyl groups bonded to saturated systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>2883-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazzeretti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the CH bond dipole moment in alkanes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Chemical Physics]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1681-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Fèvre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The dependence on state of the apparent dipole moments of ammonia, methylamine dimethylamine, and trimethylamine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transactions of the Faraday Society]]></source>
<year>1947</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>374-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liberles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Leary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eilers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methyl rotation barriers and hyperconjugation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
<page-range>6894-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Libit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detailed orbital theory of substituent effects. Charge transfer, polarization, and the methyl group]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1370-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMahon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebarle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intrinsic acidities of substituted phenols and benzoic acids determined by gas-phase proton-transfer equilibria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>2222-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hesse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<page-range>74-241</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stuttgart, Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Georg Thieme Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisenstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiberty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-equivalence of the various criteria for alkyl inductive effect]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France II]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>119-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mullins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Six pillars of organic chemistry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Chemical Education]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>83-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mullins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hyperconjugation: A more coherent approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Chemical Education]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>834-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Caro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moule]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the origin of the barriers and the structures of acetaldehyde in its ground and first singlet excited state]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoretica Chimica Acta]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>299-310</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lide]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maryott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Selected values of electric dipole moments for molecules in the gas phase]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. National Bureau of Standards]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okuyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maskill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry: A mechanistic approach]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, UK ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pretsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bühlmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badertscher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Structure determination of organic compounds: Tables of spectral data]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlin, Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry concepts: An EFL approach]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, UK ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sebastian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The electronic effects of alkyl groups]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Chemical Education]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>97-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[March&#8217;s advanced organic chemistry: Reactions, mechanisms and structure]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<edition>7</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soderquist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pure unsolvated (&#120572;-methoxyvinyl)lithium and related acyl anion equivalents via the transmetalation of organotin compounds]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organometallics]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>830-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solomons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fryhle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<edition>12</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sorrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sausalito, CA, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Science Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Targema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obi-Egbedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adeoye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular structure and solvent effects on the dipole moments and polarizabilities of some aniline derivatives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Computational &amp; Theoretical Chemistry]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1012</volume>
<page-range>47-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mizukami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pálinkó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of permanent electric dipole moments of aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Molecular Structure (THEOCHEM)]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>401</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>21-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vollhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Organic chemistry: Structure and function]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>7</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Freeman and Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamdagni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kebarle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intrinsic acidities of carboxylic acids from gas-phase acid equilibria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>4050-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zipse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radical stability &#8210; A theoretical perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Topics in Current Chemistry]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>263</volume>
<page-range>163-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
