<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7372</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Frontera norte]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Frontera norte]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7372</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de la Frontera Norte A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-73722022000100113</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2224</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Muros fronterizos, operativos de control y leyes: Algunos efectos colaterales de la frontera México-Estados Unidos, 1991-2021]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Border Walls, Control Operations, and Laws: Some Collateral Effects of the United States-Mexico Border, 1991-2021]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cejudo-Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Norte  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tijuana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-73722022000100113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-73722022000100113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-73722022000100113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El artículo sintetiza una micro-historia del muro fronterizo, con énfasis en el área Tijuana- San Diego, cubriendo el periodo 1991-2021, en relación con la legislación, la vigilancia de la frontera y las deportaciones. El objetivo es analizar su evolución e impacto como eje del control fronterizo y como factor modelador de la estrategia de vigilancia de la frontera con México. Desde un enfoque cualitativo y basado en experiencia etnográfica, se hace un análisis del discurso orientado con información de campo. Esta intersección temática y entrelazamiento de métodos y técnicas con que se aborda es inédita. Se concluye que los ex presidentes Clinton, Bush junior y Obama fueron más determinantes que Trump. El muro fronterizo solo funciona junto con la Patrulla Fronteriza, el ICE y las deportaciones o el Border Wall System del suroeste.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper synthesizes the micro-history of the border wall, highlighting the Tijuana-San Diego area in the period 1991-2021 in relation to legislation, border surveillance, and deportations. The objective is to analyze its evolution and impact as an axis of border control and as a modeling factor for the surveillance strategy of the border with Mexico. From a qualitative approach and based on ethnographic experience, a discourse analysis oriented by fieldwork information is made. This thematic intersection and intertwining of methods and techniques is unprecedented. After reviewing the main events, former presidents Clinton, Bush Jr., and Obama were more decisive than Trump. Border walls only work in conjunction with the Border Patrol, ICE, and deportations or the Southwest Border Wall System.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[frontera México-Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[walls]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Operation Gatekeeper]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migrants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[U.S.-Mexico border]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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