<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-5779</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Terra Latinoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Terra Latinoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-5779</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-57792025000100179</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28940/terra.v43i.2281</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mucílago Fermentado de Mazorcas de Theobroma cacao L. para el Control de Malezas Mediante Alelopatía]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fermented Mucilage from Theobroma cacao L. Pods for Weed Control Through Allelopathy]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos-Remache]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rommel Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macias-Macias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías-Pettao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón Klever]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arcos-Palma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yordy Ariel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa-Palomeque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quevedo Los Ríos]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Maná Cotopaxi]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quevedo Los Ríos]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de Escuinapa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-57792025000100179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-57792025000100179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-57792025000100179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Las malezas juegan un papel importante en los sistemas ecológicos debido a su rápido crecimiento, elevada adaptabilidad y naturaleza invasora. En los sistemas agrícolas, su manejo constituye una práctica fundamental dentro del conjunto de labores culturales, junto con la poda, la regulación de sombra y el control de plagas, ya que incide directamente en los rendimientos del cultivo de Theobroma cacao L. (cacao). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la eficacia, severidad y fitotoxicidad del mucílago fermentado proveniente de mazorcas de cacao, considerando su potencial alelopático como agente de herbicida para el control de malezas en el cultivo de cacao. Se aplicaron seis tratamientos: T1 (1 día), T2 (30 días), T3 (60 días), T4 (90 días), T5 (5 años) y un control (agua), utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Previamente, se caracterizaron las propiedades bromatológicas de cada tratamiento. Se evaluaron indicadores de control de malezas como eficacia, severidad y fitotoxicidad a los cinco y diez días posteriores a la aplicación. El tratamiento con mucílago fermentado durante cinco años (T5), con un contenido de ácido acético del 6.37%, mostró la mayor efectividad en el control de malezas. Este tratamiento tuvo un impacto diferenciado sobre gramíneas y dicotiledóneas, siendo más efectivo contra estas últimas. Se observó una alta fitotoxicidad en especies como Portulaca oleracea (verdolaga), con desecación total del follaje, y Rottboellia exaltata L. (caminadora), con marchitamiento completo de la planta. Estos resultados sugieren que el uso de mucílago de cacao con prolongado tiempo de fermentación puede representar una alternativa sostenible y selectiva para el manejo de malezas, particularmente de gramíneas, en sistemas de cultivo de cacao.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary: Weeds play an important role in ecological systems due to their rapid growth, high adaptability, and invasive nature. In agricultural systems, their management constitutes a fundamental practice within the set of cultural operations, along with pruning, shade regulation, and pest control, as it directly affects the yield of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) crops. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy, severity, and phytotoxicity of fermented mucilage from cacao fruits, considering its allelopathic potential as a herbicidal agent for weed control in cacao plantations. Six treatments were applied: T1 (1 day), T2 (30 days), T3 (60 days), T4 (90 days), T5 (5 years), and a control (water), using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The bromatological properties of each treatment were previously characterized. Weed control indicators such as efficacy, severity, and phytotoxicity were evaluated five and ten days after application. The treatment with fermented mucilage for five years (T5), with an acetic acid content of 6.37%, showed the greatest effectiveness in weed control. This treatment had a differentiated impact on grasses and dicotyledons, being more effective against the latter. High phytotoxicity was observed in species such as Portulaca oleracea (purslane), which exhibited total desiccation of the foliage, and Rottboellia exaltata L. (cocoa vine), which showed complete wilting of the plant. These results suggest that the use of cacao mucilage with prolonged fermentation periods may represent a sustainable and selective alternative for weed management, particularly against broadleaf species, in cacao production systems.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ácido acético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desecación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[eficacia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[incidencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acetic acid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drying]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[efficacy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[incidence]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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