<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0186-7202</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios Económicos (México, D.F.)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. Econ. (México, D.F.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0186-7202</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0186-72022025000100105</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/ee.v40i1.e463</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The impact of trade on income inequality in Mexico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El impacto del comercio en la desigualdad de ingresos en México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olaf J. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Oxford  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,United Nations  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0186-72022025000100105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0186-72022025000100105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0186-72022025000100105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Income inequality remains a significant concern in Mexico, despite a slight decrease in its measure in recent decades. This paper investigates the impact of changes in trade patterns resulting from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on income inequality in Mexico over the past 20 years. Through a decomposition into within- and between-sector inequality, this paper reveals that the contribution of the latter has increased in an environment characterized by decreasing overall income inequality. Trade accounts for approximately 14.5% of the total change in between-sector income inequality, representing the most substantial contribution among the factors identified in this study.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La desigualdad de ingresos sigue siendo una preocupación importante en México, a pesar de una ligera disminución en su medición en las últimas décadas. Este artículo analiza el impacto de los cambios en los patrones comerciales derivados del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) sobre la desigualdad de ingresos en México durante los últimos 20 años. Mediante una descomposición en desigualdad intrasectorial e intersectorial, el estudio revela que la contribución de esta última ha aumentado en un contexto caracterizado por una disminución general de la desigualdad de ingresos. El comercio explica aproximadamente el 14.5% del cambio total en la desigualdad de ingresos entre sectores, representando la contribución más significativa entre los factores identificados en este estudio.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trade and labor market]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trade policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[income distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trade and labor market]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trade policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[income distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ackerberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frazer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Structural identification of production functions]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>38349</numero>
<issue>38349</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Library of Munich]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDaniel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The NAFTA preference and US-Mexico trade]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>2002-10-A</numero>
<issue>2002-10-A</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United States International Trade Commission]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helpman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Itskhoki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muendler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sources of wage inequality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>214-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Autor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salomons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Is automation labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the labor share]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>24871</numero>
<issue>24871</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Besedes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Phase out tariffs, phase in trade?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>127</volume>
<page-range>103385</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beveren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Total factor productivity estimation: A practical review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Surveys]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>98-128</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bliss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade and development]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chenery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srinivasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>II</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North-Holland]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blyde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Busso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short and long-run labor market adjustment to import competition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1552-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burfisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thierfelder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of NAFTA on the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>125-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caliendo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimates of the trade and welfare effects of NAFTA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Magnitud de la Desigualdad en el Ingreso y la Riqueza en México: Una Propuesta de Cálculo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiquiar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Globalization, regional wage differentials and the StolperSamuelson Theorem: Evidence from Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>70-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cragg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Epelbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why has wage dispersion grown in Mexico? Is it the incidence of reforms or the growing demand for skills?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>99-116</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dussel-Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cadenas Globales de Valor: Metodología, Teoría y Debates]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duval-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jakubson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cross-sectional versus panel income approaches: Analyzing income distribution changes for the case of Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Income and Wealth]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>685-705</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eberhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helmers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Untested assumptions and data slicing: A critical review of firm-level production function estimators]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>513</numero>
<issue>513</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Department of Economics, University of Oxford]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ECLAC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Productividad y Brechas Estructurales en México]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ECLAC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Inefficiency of Inequality]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ECLAC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[MagicPlus: Módulo para Analizar el Crecimiento del Comercio Internacional]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ECLAC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[CEPALStat]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Openness, trade liberalization, and growth in developing countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1358-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruces]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The dynamics of income inequality in Mexico since NAFTA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>155-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un decenio de reducción de la desigualdad en México. Fuerzas del mercado o acción del estado?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Disminución de la Desigualdad en la América Latina]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Development Programme]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On exports and economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>59-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feenstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Foreign investment, outsourcing, and relative wages]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feenstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grossman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Political Economy of Trade Policy: Papers in Honor of Jagdish Bhagwati]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feenstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico&#8217;s maquiladoras]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>371-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griliches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mairesse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Production functions: The search for identification]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<numero>5067</numero>
<issue>5067</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hakobyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLaren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Looking for local labor market effects of NAFTA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>728-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What has happened to wages in Mexico since NAFTA?]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>9563</numero>
<issue>9563</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helpman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Itskhoki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muendler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade and inequality: From theory to estimation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>357-405</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Husain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Islam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A test for the Cobb Douglas production function in manufacturing sector: The case of Bangladesh]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Business and Economics Research]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>149-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Clasificación de Actividades Económicas de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (CAE-ENEU-94)]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Instructivo Para la Codificación de Escolaridad]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jordaan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cross-sectional estimation of FDI spillovers when FDI is endogenous: OLS and IV estimates for Mexican manufacturing industries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>2451-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahhat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labor earnings inequality: The demand for and supply of skills]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Declining Inequality in Latin America: A Decade of Progress]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brookings Institution Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krueger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade Policy as an input to development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>288-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rebolledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Productivity in Mexico: Trends, drivers and institutional framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Productivity Monitor]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>28-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markusen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zahniser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Liberalization and incentives for labor migration: Theory with applications to NAFTA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trade and Migration: The Controversies and the Evidence]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrocu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimation of total factor productivity for regions and sectors in Italy: A panel cointegration approach]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>200016</numero>
<issue>200016</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMillan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Globalization, structural change and productivity growth]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>17143</numero>
<issue>17143</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OECD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[OECD.Stat]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Industrialization and trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>333-80</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padilla-Perez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structural change and productivity growth in Mexico, 1990-2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Structural Change and Economic Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>53-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exports and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from time-series and cross-section data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Development and Cultural Change]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Imports and economic growth: A cross-country study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economics]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibaja-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Automation of employment in the presence of industry 4.0: The case of Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technology in Society]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>101837</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ranaldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capitalist systems and income inequality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Comparative Economics]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>20-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romalis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NAFTA&#8217;s and CUSFTA&#8217;s impact on international trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>416-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Satchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Temple]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labor markets and productivity in developing countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economic Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>183-204</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shorrocks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inequality decomposition by factor components]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>193-211</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNCTAD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[UNCTADstat]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[UN Comtrade]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Biesebroeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Robustness of productivity estimates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Industrial Economics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>529-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Efectos del Comercio Internacional en el Mercado Laboral Mexicano: La Competencia China en el Mercado de los Estados Unidos, 2004-2017]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Monetary policy and inequality in Mexico]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>57074</numero>
<issue>57074</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Development Indicators]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How does globalisation affect regional inequality within a developing country? Evidence from China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Studies]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>47-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trefler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade and inequality in developing countries: A general equilibrium analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>21-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
