<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2007000800004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Physics, combinatorics and Hopf algebras]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chryssomalakos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000800004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000800004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000800004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A number of problems in theoretical physics share a common nucleus of a combinatoric nature. It is argued here that Hopf algebraic concepts and techiques can be particularly efficient in dealing with such problems. As a first example, a brief review is given of the recent work of Connes, Kreimer and collaborators on the algebraic structure of the process of renormalization in quantum field theory. Then the concept of k-primitive elements is introduced - these are particular linear combinations of products of Feynman diagrams - and it is shown, in the context of a toy-model, that they significantly reduce the computational cost of renormalization. As a second example, Sorkin's proposal for a family of generalizations of quantum mechanics, indexed by an integer k > 2, is reviewed (classical mechanics corresponds to k = 1, while quantum mechanics to k = 2). It is then shown that the quantum measures of order k proposed by Sorkin can also be described as k-primitive elements of the Hopf algebra of functions on an appropriate infinite dimensional abelian group.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Una serie de problemas en física teórica comparte un núcleo común de índole combinatorio. Es la tesis de este artículo que conceptos y técnicas de álgebras de Hopf pueden ser particularmente eficientes en el tratamiento de este tipo de problemas. Como un primer ejemplo, se presenta un resumen del trabajo recién de Connes, Kreimer y sus colaboradores sobre la estructura algebráica del proceso de renormalización en teoría cuántica de campos. Después, se introduce el concepto de elementos k-primitivos - estos son combinaciones lineales particulares de productos de diagramas de Feynman - y se demuestra, en el contexto de un modelo de juguete, que reducen de manera esencial el costo computacional de la renormalización. Como un segundo ejemplo, la propuesta de Sorkin de una familia de generalizaciones de mecánica cuántica, indexada por un entero k > 2, es presentada (mecánica clásica corresponde a k = 1, mientras mecánica cuántica a k = 2). Se muestra en continuación que las medidas cuánticas de orden k propuestas por Sorkin pueden también ser descritas como elementos k-primitivos del álgebra de Hopf de funciones sobre un grupo abeliano de dimensión infinita apropiadamente definido.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hopf algebras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[renormalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[primitive elements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[generalized quantum mechanics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quantum measures]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Algebras de Hopf]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[renormalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elementos primitivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mecánica cuántica generalizada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[medidas cuánticas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Physics, combinatorics and Hopf algebras</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>C. Chryssomalakos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Apartado Postal 70&#150;543, Ciudad Universitaria 04510 M&eacute;xico D.F. M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 18 de julio de 2005    <br> Aceptado el 14 de marzo de 2005</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A number of problems in theoretical physics share a common nucleus of a combinatoric nature. It is argued here that Hopf algebraic concepts and techiques can be particularly efficient in dealing with such problems. As a first example, a brief review is given of the recent work of Connes, Kreimer and collaborators on the algebraic structure of the process of renormalization in quantum field theory. Then the concept of <i>k</i>&#150;primitive elements is introduced &#151; these are particular linear combinations of products of Feynman diagrams &#151; and it is shown, in the context of a toy&#150;model, that they significantly reduce the computational cost of renormalization. As a second example, Sorkin's proposal for a family of generalizations of quantum mechanics, indexed by an integer <i>k</i> &gt; 2, is reviewed (classical mechanics corresponds to <i>k</i> = 1, while quantum mechanics to <i>k</i> = 2). It is then shown that the quantum measures of order <i>k </i>proposed by Sorkin can also be described as <i>k</i>&#150;primitive elements of the Hopf algebra of functions on an appropriate infinite dimensional abelian group.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Hopf algebras; renormalization; primitive elements; generalized quantum mechanics; quantum measures.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Una serie de problemas en f&iacute;sica te&oacute;rica comparte un n&uacute;cleo com&uacute;n de &iacute;ndole combinatorio. Es la tesis de este art&iacute;culo que conceptos y t&eacute;cnicas de &aacute;lgebras de Hopf pueden ser particularmente eficientes en el tratamiento de este tipo de problemas. Como un primer ejemplo, se presenta un resumen del trabajo reci&eacute;n de Connes, Kreimer y sus colaboradores sobre la estructura algebr&aacute;ica del proceso de renormalizaci&oacute;n en teor&iacute;a cu&aacute;ntica de campos. Despu&eacute;s, se introduce el concepto de elementos <i>k</i>&#150;primitivos &#151; estos son combinaciones lineales particulares de productos de diagramas de Feynman &#151; y se demuestra, en el contexto de un modelo de juguete, que reducen de manera esencial el costo computacional de la renormalizaci&oacute;n. Como un segundo ejemplo, la propuesta de Sorkin de una familia de generalizaciones de mec&aacute;nica cu&aacute;ntica, indexada por un entero <i>k</i> &gt; 2, es presentada (mec&aacute;nica cl&aacute;sica corresponde a <i>k</i> = 1, mientras mec&aacute;nica cu&aacute;ntica a <i>k</i> = 2). Se muestra en continuaci&oacute;n que las medidas cu&aacute;nticas de orden <i>k</i> propuestas por Sorkin pueden tambi&eacute;n ser descritas como elementos <i>k</i>&#150;primitivos del &aacute;lgebra de Hopf de funciones sobre un grupo abeliano de dimensi&oacute;n infinita apropiadamente definido.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Algebras de Hopf; renormalizaci&oacute;n; elementos primitivos; mec&aacute;nica cu&aacute;ntica generalizada; medidas cu&aacute;nticas.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">FACS: 02.10.De; 02.20.Tw; 02.40.Hw; 03.65.Ca; 11.10.Gh</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v53s2/v53s2a4.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">I would like to thank the organizers of the V Workshop of the DGFM in Morelia, Mexico, for their invitation. Warm thanks are also due to Denjoe O'Connor, for hospitality and financial support while at DIAS, Ireland, where the present work was written. Partial support from DGAPA&#150;PAPIIT grant IN 114302 and CONACyT grant 41208&#150;F is also gratefully acknowledged.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. D.J. Broadhurst and D. Kreimer, <i>J. Symb. 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