<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2006000500007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hamiltonians and Lagrangians of non-autonomous one-dimensional mechanical systems]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres del Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubalcava García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Departamento de Física Matemática ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>429</fpage>
<lpage>432</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000500007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000500007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000500007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[It is shown that a given non-autonomous system of two first-order ordinary differential equations can be expressed in Hamiltonian form. The derivation presented here allows us to obtain previously known results such as the infinite number of Hamiltonians in the autonomous case and the Helmholtz condition for the existence of a Lagrangian.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se muestra que un sistema dado, no autónomo, de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias de primer orden puede expresarse en forma hamiltoniana. La deducción presentada aquí nos permite obtener resultados previamente conocidos tales como el número infinito de hamiltonianas en el caso autónomo y la condición de Helmholtz para la existencia de una lagrangiana.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Non-autonomous systems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hamilton equations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Lagrangians]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sistemas no autónomos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecuaciones de Hamilton]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lagrangianas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Hamiltonians and Lagrangians of non&#150;autonomous one&#150;dimensional mechanical systems</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>G.F. Torres del Castillo* y I. Rubalcava Garc&iacute;a**</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>*Departamento de F&iacute;sica Matem&aacute;tica,  Instituto de Ciencias,  Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Puebla,  72570 Puebla, Pue., M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>**Facultad de Ciencias F&iacute;sico Matem&aacute;ticas,  Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Puebla,  Apartado Postal 1152,  72001 Puebla, Pue., M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 25 de mayo de 2006    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   Aceptado el 12 de septiembre de 2006</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">It is shown that a given non&#150;autonomous system of two first&#150;order ordinary differential equations can be expressed in Hamiltonian form. The derivation presented here allows us to obtain previously known results such as the infinite number of Hamiltonians in the autonomous case and the Helmholtz condition for the existence of a Lagrangian.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Non&#150;autonomous systems; Hamilton equations; Lagrangians.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se muestra que un sistema dado, no aut&oacute;nomo, de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias de primer orden puede expresarse en forma hamiltoniana. La deducci&oacute;n presentada aqu&iacute; nos permite obtener resultados previamente conocidos tales como el n&uacute;mero infinito de hamiltonianas en el caso aut&oacute;nomo y la condici&oacute;n de Helmholtz para la existencia de una lagrangiana.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Sistemas no aut&oacute;nomos; ecuaciones de Hamilton; lagrangianas. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 45.05.+x; 45.20.&#150;d1.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v52n5/v52n5a7.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgment</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The authors would like to thank Dr. M. Montesinos for some enlightening discussions.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. H. Goldstein, <i>Classical Mechanics, </i>2nd ed. (Addison&#150;Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1980).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321005&pid=S0035-001X200600050000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. S.A. Hojman and L.C. Shepley, <i>J. Math. Phys. </i><b>32</b> (1991) 142.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321006&pid=S0035-001X200600050000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. S.K. Soni and M. Kumar, <i>Europhys. Lett. </i><b>68</b> (2004) 501.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321007&pid=S0035-001X200600050000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. G.F. Simmons, <i>Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, </i>2nd ed. (McGraw&#150;Hill, New York, 1991).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321008&pid=S0035-001X200600050000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. G.F. Torres del Castillo, <i>Rev. Mex. Fis. </i><b>50</b> (2004) 379.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321009&pid=S0035-001X200600050000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. G. Gonz&aacute;lez, <i>Int. J. Theor. Phys. </i><b>43</b> (2004) 1885.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321010&pid=S0035-001X200600050000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
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