<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2006000400006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Imaging properties of phase-shifting apodizers]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sauceda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera-May]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Centro de Investigación en Micro y Nanotecnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ver ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Optica y Electrónica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>336</fpage>
<lpage>341</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We discuss the imaging properties of Phase Shifting Apodizers (PSAs) in terms of their Optical Transfer Function (OTF). The capability to transfer spatial frequencies from the input to the output of an optical imaging system, in the presence of focus error, is quantified by inspecting the three-dimensional Modulation Transfer Function (3D-MTF). We have found that, in the search of novel apodizers for increasing the focal depth in imaging optical systems, it is not sufficient to analyze the axial impulse response of that system. Some apodizers, even when they increase the focal depth along the optical axis, provide poor imaging properties with respect to defocus. Yet we identify specific values for some important parameters of the PSA that allow us to achieve high focal depth without severally sacrificing the optical performance of the system. We present computer simulations of the 3D-MTF of the system that incorporates these apodizers as well as the output images that can be obtained with it.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Discutimos las propiedades de formación de imágenes de los apodizadores de cambio de fase (o PSA, por sus siglas en inglés) en términos de la Función de Transferencia Óptica (OTF, por sus siglas en inglés). Su capacidad para transferir frecuencias espaciales de la entrada hacia la salida de un sistema óptico, en presencia del error de desenfocamiento, es cuantificada inspeccionando el módulo de la OTF tridimensional (3D-MTF). Hemos encontrado que, en sistemas ópticos que forman imágners, el desempeño óptico de un nuevo apodizador, no se garantiza con el análisis de la respuesta al impulso axial del sistema. En el caso algunos apodizadores, aún cuando incrementan la profundidad focal a lo largo del eje óptico, su capacidad para formar imágenes está muy deteriorada. Aún así, identificamos valores específicos de los parámetros importantes en los PSA, que nos permiten conseguir alta profundidad focal, sin sacrificar significativamente el desempeño óptico del sistema. Presentamos simulaciones por computadora de las 3D-MTFs del sistema óptico que incorpora estos apodizadores, así como tambien las imágenes de salida que pueden ser obtenidas con éstos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Phase-shifting apodizer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[optical transfer function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[image formation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Apodizadores de cambio de fase]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función de transferencia óptica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[formación de imágenes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Imaging properties of phase&#150;shifting apodizers</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>A. Sauceda<sup>a</sup>, P.J. Garc&iacute;a Ram&iacute;rez<sup>b</sup>, L. Garc&iacute;a&#150;Gonz&aacute;lez<sup>a</sup>, J. Mart&iacute;nez&#150;Castillo<sup>a</sup>, L. Herrera&#150;May<sup>a</sup>, and A. Castro<sup>b</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>a Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Micro y Nanotecnolog&iacute;a de la Universidad Veracruzana, Fracc. Costa Verde, Veracruz, ZC 94292 Ver, M&eacute;xico, e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:asauceda@uv.mx">asauceda@uv.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:jagarcia@uv.mx">jagarcia@uv.mx</a> <a href="mailto:leagrarcia@uv.mx">leagrarcia@uv.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:jaimartinez@uv.mx">jaimartinez@uv.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:leherrera@uv.mx">leherrera@uv.mx</a></i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>b Instituto Nacional de Astrof&iacute;sica, Optica y Electr&oacute;nica, </i><i>Apartado Postal 216 Puebla 72000, Puebla, Mexico, </i><i>e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:betina@inaoep.mx">betina@inaoep.mx</a></i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 7 de marzo de 2006    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Aceptado el 9 de agosto de 2006</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We discuss the imaging properties of Phase Shifting Apodizers (PSAs) in terms of their Optical Transfer Function (OTF). The capability to transfer spatial frequencies from the input to the output of an optical imaging system, in the presence of focus error, is quantified by inspecting the three&#150;dimensional Modulation Transfer Function (3D&#150;MTF). We have found that, in the search of novel apodizers for increasing the focal depth in imaging optical systems, it is not sufficient to analyze the axial impulse response of that system. Some apodizers, even when they increase the focal depth along the optical axis, provide poor imaging properties with respect to defocus. Yet we identify specific values for some important parameters of the PSA that allow us to achieve high focal depth without severally sacrificing the optical performance of the system. We present computer simulations of the 3D&#150;MTF of the system that incorporates these apodizers as well as the output images that can be obtained with it.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Phase&#150;shifting apodizer; optical transfer function; image formation.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Discutimos las propiedades de formaci&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes de los apodizadores de cambio de fase (o PSA, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s) en t&eacute;rminos de la Funci&oacute;n de Transferencia &Oacute;ptica (OTF, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s). Su capacidad para transferir frecuencias espaciales de la entrada hacia la salida de un sistema &oacute;ptico, en presencia del error de desenfocamiento, es cuantificada inspeccionando el m&oacute;dulo de la OTF tridimensional (3D&#150;MTF). Hemos encontrado que, en sistemas &oacute;pticos que forman im&aacute;gners, el desempe&ntilde;o &oacute;ptico de un nuevo apodizador, no se garantiza con el an&aacute;lisis de la respuesta al impulso axial del sistema. En el caso algunos apodizadores, a&uacute;n cuando incrementan la profundidad focal a lo largo del eje &oacute;ptico, su capacidad para formar im&aacute;genes est&aacute; muy deteriorada. A&uacute;n as&iacute;, identificamos valores espec&iacute;ficos de los par&aacute;metros importantes en los PSA, que nos permiten conseguir alta profundidad focal, sin sacrificar significativamente el desempe&ntilde;o &oacute;ptico del sistema. Presentamos simulaciones por computadora de las 3D&#150;MTFs del sistema &oacute;ptico que incorpora estos apodizadores, as&iacute; como tambien las im&aacute;genes de salida que pueden ser obtenidas con &eacute;stos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Apodizadores de cambio de fase; funci&oacute;n de transferencia &oacute;ptica; formaci&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 42.15.Eq; 42.30.Lr; 42.30.Va</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v52n4/v52n4a6.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. M.D. Levenson, N.S. Viswanathan, and R. Simpson, <i>IEEE Trans: Electron. Devices. 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