<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-8376</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de investigación clínica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. invest. clín.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-8376</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-83762005000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Perspectivas de las células tallo en infartos del miocardio]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stem cell perspectives in myocardial infarctions]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aceves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archundia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abel]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Páez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Araceli]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aceves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rocío]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ixcamparij]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilchis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI División de Cirugía Cardiaca y Cardiología, Hematología, Ecocardiografía y Medicina Nuclear ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>156</fpage>
<lpage>162</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-83762005000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-83762005000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-83762005000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of congestive heart failure and death in industrializated countries. The cellular cardiomyoplasty has emerged as an alternative treatment in the regeneration of infarted myocardial tissue. In animals' models, differents cellular lines such as cardiomyocites, sheletal myoblast, embryonic stem cells and adult mesenchymal stem cells has been used, resulting in an improvement in ventricular function and decrease in amount of infarted tissue. The first three cells line have disvantages as they are allogenics and are difficult to obtain. The adult mesenchymal stem cells are autologous and can be obtained throught the aspiration of bone marrow or from peripherical circulation, prior to stimulating with cytokines (G-CSF). The implantation in humans with recent and old myocardial infarction have shown improvements similar to those shown in animal models. These findings encourage the continued investigation in the mechanism of cellular differentiation and implantation metods in infarted myocardial tissue.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El infarto del miocardio es la principal causa de falla cardiaca y muerte en países industrializados. A la fecha, la cardiomioplastia celular ha emergido como una alternativa en la regeneración de infartos miocárdicos. En modelos animales se han utilizado diferentes líneas celulares como cardiomiocitos fetales, mioblastos de músculo esquelético, células tallo embrionarias y células tallo mesenquimales del adulto, con mejoría en la función ventricular y disminución del área de tejido infartado. Las tres primeras líneas celulares tienen desventajas porque son alogénicas y difíciles de obtener. Las células tallo mesenquimales del adulto son autólogas y se pueden obtener de aspirados de médula ósea o de la circulación periférica previa estimulación con citocinas (G-CSF). La implantación de estas células en seres humanos con infartos del miocardio recientes y antiguos han mostrado mejorías similares a los reportes con modelos animales. Estos hallazgos alientan a continuar la investigación clínica y básica en busca de los mecanismos de diferenciación celular y selección de vías de implantación, en tejido miocárdico infartado.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stem cell]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Myocardial infarctions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cellular cardiomyoplasty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Células tallo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Infartos miocárdicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cardiomioplastia celular]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culo especial</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Perspectivas de las c&eacute;lulas tallo en infartos del miocardio</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Stem cell perspectives in myocardial infarctions</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Jos&eacute; Luis Aceves,* Abel Archundia,* Guillermo D&iacute;az,* Araceli P&aacute;ez,** Felipe Masso,** Martha Alvarado,* Manuel L&oacute;pez,* Roc&iacute;o Aceves,* Carlos Ixcamparij,* Adriana Puente,* Rafael Vilchis,* Luis Felipe Monta&ntilde;o***</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>* Divisi&oacute;n de Cirug&iacute;a Cardiaca y Cardiolog&iacute;a, Hematolog&iacute;a, Ecocardiograf&iacute;a y Medicina Nuclear del CMN 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>** Laboratorio de Biolog&iacute;a Celular del Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog&iacute;a Ignacio Ch&aacute;vez. </i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>*** Laboratorio de Inmunolog&iacute;a, Departamento de Bioqu&iacute;mica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>ABSTRACT</i></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of congestive heart failure and death in industrializated countries. The cellular cardiomyoplasty has emerged as an alternative treatment in the regeneration of infarted myocardial tissue. In animals' models, differents cellular lines such as cardiomyocites, sheletal myoblast, embryonic stem cells and adult mesenchymal stem cells has been used, resulting in an improvement in ventricular function and decrease in amount of infarted tissue. The first three cells line have disvantages as they are allogenics and are difficult to obtain. The adult mesenchymal stem cells are autologous and can be obtained throught the aspiration of bone marrow or from peripherical circulation, prior to stimulating with cytokines (G&#150;CSF). The implantation in humans with recent and old myocardial infarction have shown improvements similar to those shown in animal models. These findings encourage the continued investigation in the mechanism of cellular differentiation and implantation metods in infarted myocardial tissue.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Key words. </i></b><i>Stem cell. Myocardial infarctions. Cellular cardiomyoplasty.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El infarto del miocardio es la principal causa de falla cardiaca y muerte en pa&iacute;ses industrializados. A la fecha, la cardiomioplastia celular ha emergido como una alternativa en la regeneraci&oacute;n de infartos mioc&aacute;rdicos. En modelos animales se han utilizado diferentes l&iacute;neas celulares como cardiomiocitos fetales, mioblastos de m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico, c&eacute;lulas tallo embrionarias y c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales del adulto, con mejor&iacute;a en la funci&oacute;n ventricular y disminuci&oacute;n del &aacute;rea de tejido infartado. Las tres primeras l&iacute;neas celulares tienen desventajas porque son alog&eacute;nicas y dif&iacute;ciles de obtener. Las c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales del adulto son aut&oacute;logas y se pueden obtener de aspirados de m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea o de la circulaci&oacute;n perif&eacute;rica previa estimulaci&oacute;n con citocinas (G&#150;CSF). La implantaci&oacute;n de estas c&eacute;lulas en seres humanos con infartos del miocardio recientes y antiguos han mostrado mejor&iacute;as similares a los reportes con modelos animales. Estos hallazgos alientan a continuar la investigaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica y b&aacute;sica en busca de los mecanismos de diferenciaci&oacute;n celular y selecci&oacute;n de v&iacute;as de implantaci&oacute;n, en tejido mioc&aacute;rdico infartado.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave. </b>C&eacute;lulas tallo. Infartos mioc&aacute;rdicos. Cardiomioplastia celular.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los infartos del miocardio son la principal causa de insuficiencia cardiaca y muerte en pa&iacute;ses industrializados, report&aacute;ndose m&aacute;s de 400,000 nuevos casos por a&ntilde;o en los Estados Unidos. En muchos casos, el tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico es insuficiente, recurri&eacute;ndose a procedimientos de revascularizaci&oacute;n como la angioplastia con implantaci&oacute;n de dispositivos intracoronarios y hemoductos aortocoronarios mediante cirug&iacute;a a coraz&oacute;n abierto. Estos procedimientos han demostrado su eficacia en la paliaci&oacute;n o desaparici&oacute;n de los episodios de angina de pecho y en la mejora de la calidad de vida de los pacientes, sin embargo, estos procedimientos no est&aacute;n pensados para regenerar el tejido lesionado por el infarto.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Existe debate sobre la capacidad del cardiomiocito para regenerarse y si esto es posible debe ser insuficiente en casos de infartos amplios, pues la cicatriz secundaria al infarto del miocardio persiste durante toda la vida de la persona que lo ha sufrido, afectando su capacidad para desarrollar su actividad f&iacute;sica.<sup>2,3</sup> Por otro lado, se ha informado liberaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas tallo multipotenciales de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea a la circulaci&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea, en el momento en que la persona sufre un infarto del miocardio, sugiriendo esto que el organismo intenta regenerar el coraz&oacute;n lesionado, aunque probablemente &eacute;stas llegan en cantidad insuficiente al sitio de la lesi&oacute;n.<sup>3</sup> Barbash, en un modelo animal, indica que m&aacute;s de 90% de las c&eacute;lulas tallo que son aplicadas por infusi&oacute;n en sangre perif&eacute;rica son atrapadas en el lecho pulmonar y 5% en el bazo, llegando menos de 5% al tejido mioc&aacute;rdico infartado, contrastando con la aplicaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas en el ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo del coraz&oacute;n en donde m&aacute;s de 90% se alojan en el &aacute;rea lesionada.<sup>4</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Si se considera lo anterior, en este documento hacemos una revisi&oacute;n de la literatura sobre las perspectivas y utilidad que tienen las diferentes l&iacute;neas de c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales en la regeneraci&oacute;n de tejido mioc&aacute;rdico infartado, que en a&ntilde;os recientes se le ha denominado como ventriculoplastia celular.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>C&Eacute;LULAS TALLO</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La explicaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas tallo se puede realizar mejor en el contexto de la reproducci&oacute;n humana normal. Con la fertilizaci&oacute;n del ovocito se inicia la divisi&oacute;n celular con informaci&oacute;n gen&eacute;tica suficiente para originar un feto, a estas c&eacute;lulas se les denomina tutipotenciales.<sup>5&#150;</sup><sup>7</sup> Despu&eacute;s de varios ciclos de divisi&oacute;n, estas c&eacute;lulas tutipotentes se diferencian formando el blastocisto, cuyas c&eacute;lulas centrales tienen la capacidad de originar diferentes &oacute;rganos, excepto placenta y estructuras de nutrici&oacute;n del feto, a estas c&eacute;lulas se les denomina pluripotenciales.<sup>3&#150;</sup><sup>7</sup> La especializaci&oacute;n de estas c&eacute;lulas origina tres tipos de l&iacute;neas celulares denominadas como multipotenciales: Endod&eacute;rmicas, ectod&eacute;rmicas y mesod&eacute;rmicas, estas ultimas se diferencian en c&eacute;lulas hematopoy&eacute;ticas, monocitos, condrocitos, adipositos, c&eacute;lulas endoteliales, musculares, etc.<sup>3&#150;12</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Alexander Fridestein, desde hace 30 a&ntilde;os, caracteriz&oacute; a las c&eacute;lulas del estroma de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea y en conjunto con Pittenger y Mackay describieron la capacidad de las c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales para diferenciarse en tejido adiposo, muscular y &oacute;seo, discutiendo su aplicaci&oacute;n en la regeneraci&oacute;n de tejidos.<sup>13,14</sup>   Posteriormente   muchos   investigadores han caracterizado los diferentes tipos de l&iacute;neas celulares y sus diferentes capacidades de diferenciaci&oacute;n <i>in vitro </i>e <i>in vivo, </i>describiendo la plasticidad de la c&eacute;lula tallo mesenquimal para proliferar, implantarse en tejido vivo y diferenciarse en m&uacute;ltiples tipos celulares, propiciando as&iacute; la posibilidad de regeneraci&oacute;n de tejidos lesionados.<sup>2,16,17</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">De esta manera, se distinguen c&eacute;lulas tallo multipotenciales embrionarias y del adulto, las primeras se pueden aislar de embriones y del cord&oacute;n umbilical de reci&eacute;n nacidos con la informaci&oacute;n necesaria para originar un feto.<sup>18&#150;</sup><sup>21</sup> Diferentes autores han reportado en pacientes adultos, la existencia de c&eacute;lulas tallo multipotenciales en diferentes tejidos como el h&iacute;gado, m&uacute;sculo estriado, m&uacute;sculo liso del intestino delgado y &uacute;tero, cerebro y piel, consider&aacute;ndose que se encuentran en estos sitios en espera de muerte celular por apoptosis o lesi&oacute;n para iniciar la regeneraci&oacute;n celular, sin embargo, tambi&eacute;n reportan que existe una gran movilizaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas tallo de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea hacia la circulaci&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea cuando se produce una lesi&oacute;n en alg&uacute;n &oacute;rgano, suponiendo que esta movilizaci&oacute;n tiene la intenci&oacute;n de hacer llegar estas c&eacute;lulas al &aacute;rea da&ntilde;ada para iniciar la regeneraci&oacute;n tisular.<sup>17&#150;29</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se define a la c&eacute;lula tallo multipotencial como aquella c&eacute;lula indiferenciada que puede proliferar, tiene capacidad de autorregenerarse y conserva su plasticidad para modularse en diferentes tejidos.<sup>21&#150;24</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>CARDIOMIOPLASTIA CELULAR</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La cardiomioplastia celular consiste en la implantaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas con capacidad de diferenciarse al tejido en donde se implantaron, sustituyendo a las c&eacute;lulas muertas, regenerando as&iacute; el tejido da&ntilde;ado. Se han implantado en diferentes modelos animales, varios tipos de c&eacute;lulas, como cardiomiocitos fetales, mioblastos de m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico, c&eacute;lulas tallo multipotenciales embrionarias y c&eacute;lulas tallo multipotenciales.<sup>15</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los cardiomiocitos fetales pueden sobrevivir, proliferar y formar discos intercalados en el miocardio hu&eacute;sped, atenuando la dilataci&oacute;n y disfunci&oacute;n ventricular, as&iacute; como el adelgazamiento del tejido infartado, promoviendo la angiog&eacute;nesis mediante factores cardioprotectores como el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, sin embargo, el uso de estas c&eacute;lulas est&aacute; limitado por ser alog&eacute;nicos, adem&aacute;s que son dif&iacute;ciles de obtener en cantidad suficiente.<sup>30&#150;</sup><sup>34</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los mioblastos esquel&eacute;ticos funcionan como un precursor celular con la capacidad de proliferar y formar sincitio y finalmente formar nuevos miocitos esquel&eacute;ticos, pero no cardiomiocitos. En modelos animales, la implantaci&oacute;n de estas c&eacute;lulas en miocardio infartado ha mostrado disminuir la dilataci&oacute;n y adelgazamiento del &aacute;rea lesionada, mejorando la funci&oacute;n global del ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo. Sin embargo, tambi&eacute;n han mostrado una estimulaci&oacute;n contr&aacute;ctil discordante con el resto de tejido mioc&aacute;rdico, manifestando su funci&oacute;n con focos ventriculares ect&oacute;picos, incrementando as&iacute; el riesgo de arritmias cardiacas.<sup>35&#150;</sup><sup>42</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las c&eacute;lulas progenituras endoteliales residen en la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea, tienen la capacidad de producir neovascularizaci&oacute;n y son liberadas a la circulaci&oacute;n despu&eacute;s de un infarto del miocardio, tienen la ventaja de ser aut&oacute;logas y no requieren de inmunosupresi&oacute;n. En modelos murinos, han mostrado su utilidad en la disminuci&oacute;n de las dimensiones del infarto en la fase aguda, mejorando la funci&oacute;n mioc&aacute;rdica, disminuyendo las alteraciones en la geometr&iacute;a y remodelaci&oacute;n ventricular. Muy pocas c&eacute;lulas son capaces de diferenciarse en cardiomiocitos, por lo que su funci&oacute;n de promover neovascularizaci&oacute;n es muy &uacute;til en infartos con tejido residual viable.<sup>43&#150;</sup><sup>52</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las c&eacute;lulas tallo embrionarias se encuentran en la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea y en cord&oacute;n umbilical de reci&eacute;n nacidos, son pluripotentes, con capacidad de diferenciarse en cualquier tipo de c&eacute;lula del organismo, incluso de formar nuevos organismos o fetos, pudi&eacute;ndose obtener a partir de estas c&eacute;lulas embrionarias, clones de la especie donadora, por esto, es indispensable considerar aspectos &eacute;ticos en su implantaci&oacute;n. Actualmente se encuentra legislado a nivel mundial y son muy pocos los pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo en donde se podr&iacute;an utilizar estas c&eacute;lulas en investigaci&oacute;n humana. En pa&iacute;ses desarrollados, en a&ntilde;os recientes han iniciado actividades bancos de cord&oacute;n umbilical para ser utilizados &uacute;nicamente por la persona donadora en alg&uacute;n momento de su vida, con fines terap&eacute;uticos.<sup>53&#150;</sup><sup>57</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales est&aacute;n disponibles en la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea y en la circulaci&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea perif&eacute;rica, son multipotenciales, con capacidad de diferenciarse en tejido especializado, incluidos cardiomiocitos, c&eacute;lulas endoteliales y c&eacute;lulas de m&uacute;sculo liso.<sup>58&#150;</sup><sup>61</sup> Si se utilizan c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales aut&oacute;logas no se requiere el uso de inmunosupresores. Su implantaci&oacute;n en modelos animales ha mostrado su transformaci&oacute;n a cardiomiocitos funcionales, disminuyendo el &aacute;rea de tejido infartado, manteniendo el grosor de la pared ventr&iacute;culo, reduciendo la remodelaci&oacute;n ventricular y mejorando la funci&oacute;n contr&aacute;ctil del tejido da&ntilde;ado.<sup>62&#150;</sup><sup>65</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">C&eacute;lulas tallo obtenidas de m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea, cultivadas sobre matrices de miocardio, se diferencian en cardiomiocitos y al agregar 5&#150;azatidina al cultivo se ha logrado el latido sincr&oacute;nico de las c&eacute;lulas diferenciadas.<sup>66,67</sup> La implantaci&oacute;n de cardiomiocitos funcionales se presenta como una alternativa interesante en la regeneraci&oacute;n de tejido mioc&aacute;rdico infartado, sin embargo, se requiere de infraestructura de cultivos celulares y la cantidad de c&eacute;lulas que se podr&iacute;an obtener posiblemente no ser&iacute;an suficientes para cubrir &aacute;reas amplias de miocardio da&ntilde;ado.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ENSAYOS CL&Iacute;NICOS</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En a&ntilde;os recientes, la cardiomioplastia celular ha sido considerada en la regeneraci&oacute;n de tejido mioc&aacute;rdico da&ntilde;ado por infartos; este concepto consiste en el reemplazo o regeneraci&oacute;n de cardiomiocitos da&ntilde;ados a trav&eacute;s de:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Trasplante celular, que puede ser intentado mediante la implantaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas tallo multipotenciales directamente en el tejido mioc&aacute;rdico lesionado, para que se diferencien en cardiomiocitos funcionales y adem&aacute;s promuevan la angiog&eacute;nesis en el &aacute;rea infartada.<sup>15</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Movilizaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas tallo a la circulaci&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea mediante la aplicaci&oacute;n de citocinas como el factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos (G&#150;CEF).<sup>30</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. Aplicaci&oacute;n local de factores de crecimiento como la insulina y factor de crecimiento del hepatocito.<sup>31</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> La evidencia de la diferenciaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales a cardiomiocitos funcionales ha sido bien documentada en modelos animales<sup>30&#150;</sup><sup>64</sup> y en seres humanos se reporta la presencia de cromosomas Y en cardiomiocitos de corazones donados del g&eacute;nero femenino, que fueron implantados en pacientes del g&eacute;nero masculino, quienes fallecieron despu&eacute;s de nueve meses de haber sido trasplantados. Los cardiomiocitos positivos a cromosoma Y fueron detectados en zonas lesionadas por rechazo inmunol&oacute;gico agudo, indicando un quimerismo de las c&eacute;lulas tallo de origen extracardiaco del paciente receptor para reparar las lesiones del &oacute;rgano donado, con esto, se demuestra la capacidad de migraci&oacute;n de estas c&eacute;lulas hacia el miocardio da&ntilde;ado, aunque este proceso ocurre a muy bajos niveles.<sup>68&#150;</sup><sup>70</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> En el estudio TOPCARE&#150;AMI los pacientes se aleatorizaron para recibir c&eacute;lulas de m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea (BMCs) o c&eacute;lulas progenituras endoteliales (EPCs). Las BMCs se aislaron de 50 mL de aspirados de m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea mediante centrifugaci&oacute;n con gradiente de Ficoll. Las EPCs se obtuvieron de sangre perif&eacute;rica.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> Las BMCs y EPCs se infundieron por v&iacute;a endovascular directamente en las coronarias, combinando esta infusi&oacute;n con angioplastia coronaria, en pacientes con infartos del miocardio recientes (cinco d&iacute;as), mejorando significativamente la fracci&oacute;n de expulsi&oacute;n en comparaci&oacute;n con pacientes a quienes no se les aplicaron estas c&eacute;lulas. Lo anterior sugiere que estas l&iacute;neas celulares tienen la capacidad de incrementar la regeneraci&oacute;n cardiaca.<sup>71,74</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Wollert infundi&oacute; por v&iacute;a intracoronaria BMCs en 60 pacientes con infartos agudos y los compar&oacute; con pacientes a quienes les infundi&oacute; placebo, reportando un incremento en la fracci&oacute;n de expulsi&oacute;n y una reducci&oacute;n en el volumen diast&oacute;lico del ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo en el grupo de pacientes que recibieron BMCs.<sup>74</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Perin<sup>57</sup> y Tze<sup>75</sup> utilizaron un cat&eacute;ter de NOGA para realizar la inyecci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea (BMCs) en el endocardio del tejido infartado, gui&aacute;ndose por mapeo electromec&aacute;nico, demostrando Perin mejor&iacute;a en la fracci&oacute;n de expulsi&oacute;n y del volumen diast&oacute;lico en 14 pacientes con falla cardiaca cr&oacute;nica de tipo isqu&eacute;mico y Tze reporta mejor&iacute;a en el engrosamiento sist&oacute;lico y en la perfusi&oacute;n del &aacute;rea infartada, 90 d&iacute;as despu&eacute;s de la infusi&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas, en ocho pacientes con cardiopat&iacute;a isqu&eacute;mica cr&oacute;nica.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Stamm obtuvo las c&eacute;lulas en forma similar a los autores previos y las inyect&oacute; directamente en el miocardio de pacientes con infartos recientes (seis semanas) , combinando la implantaci&oacute;n con procedimiento de revascularizaci&oacute;n a coraz&oacute;n abierto, reportando igualmente mejor&iacute;a en la funci&oacute;n ventricular y disminuci&oacute;n del &aacute;rea infartada.<sup>76</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Existe controversia sobre los resultados reportados en los estudios mencionados, argument&aacute;ndose que la mejor&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica de los pacientes y del ventr&iacute;culo infartado posiblemente fue consecuencia de la existencia de tejido viable que mejor&oacute; con el procedimiento de revascularizaci&oacute;n que se realiz&oacute; en los pacientes y no propiamente a la diferenciaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas tallo a cardiomiocitos funcionales.<sup>71&#150;76</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Archundia y Aceves estimularon la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea con G&#150;CSF para incrementar la liberaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas tallo a la circulaci&oacute;n perif&eacute;rica, cosech&aacute;ndolas mediante un procedimiento de citaf&eacute;resis cerrada y posteriormente las inyectaron en la zona del miocardio lesionado de pacientes con infartos antiguos, con ausencia de tejido viable y funci&oacute;n ventricular deprimida, reportando mejor&iacute;a de la funci&oacute;n ventricular a par&aacute;metros hemodin&aacute;micos normales, reducci&oacute;n del &aacute;rea infartada y mejor&iacute;a en la clase funcional de los pacientes (en revisi&oacute;n en la revista m&eacute;dica <i>Lancet).</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>DISCUSI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La terap&eacute;utica farmacol&oacute;gica, revascularizaci&oacute;n con intervencionismo y cirug&iacute;a a coraz&oacute;n abierto han sido una herramienta &uacute;til en el tratamiento de pacientes con cardiopat&iacute;a isqu&eacute;mica, sin embargo, en la regeneraci&oacute;n del tejido infartado es poco lo que han contribuido. En a&ntilde;os recientes, la ventriculoplastia celular ha surgido como una modalidad en el tratamiento del tejido mioc&aacute;rdico infartado, utilizando diferentes tipos de l&iacute;neas celulares, cada una de ellas con ventajas y desventajas.<sup>31&#150;77</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las c&eacute;lulas embrionarias obtenidas del cord&oacute;n umbilical son una alternativa poco viable, por ser alog&eacute;nicas y con un alto potencial para desencadenar una respuesta inmunol&oacute;gica de rechazo en el receptor. La utilizaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas tallo del adulto que se encuentran quiescentes en diferentes &oacute;rganos como el h&iacute;gado, c&eacute;lulas dendr&iacute;ticas, tejido adiposo, etc., tienen el inconveniente de requerir biopsias de tejido y realizar cultivos <i>in vitro </i>para promover una diferenciaci&oacute;n previa a su implantaci&oacute;n, incrementando el riesgo de infecci&oacute;n y costos de operaci&oacute;n.<sup>16&#150;</sup><sup>29</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las c&eacute;lulas tallo obtenidas mediante aspiraci&oacute;n de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea tienen un mejor potencial en su utilizaci&oacute;n, pues pueden diferenciarse directamente en el tejido implantado, sin embargo, tienen el inconveniente de requerir de un procedimiento muy invasivo y con alto riesgo de infecci&oacute;n.<sup>57,71&#150;76</sup> Esto se puede resolver al estimular la liberaci&oacute;n de estas c&eacute;lulas de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea a la circulaci&oacute;n perif&eacute;rica, mediante la aplicaci&oacute;n de citocinas como G&#150;CSF y cosech&aacute;ndolas mediante un procedimiento de citaf&eacute;resis cerrada. Este procedimiento est&aacute; estandarizado en pacientes con trastornos hematol&oacute;gicos y representa menor invasividad.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las evidencias reportadas en los diferentes estudios animales indican que las posibilidades de regeneraci&oacute;n del tejido infartado por los diferentes tipos de l&iacute;neas celulares, al diferenciarse en cardiomiocitos funcionales, son viables y alentadoras. Los resultados reportados en seres humanos sugieren posibilidades similares, aunque a la fecha no se ha podido demostrar que realmente existe una diferenciaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas implantadas a cardiomiocitos funcionales. Tambi&eacute;n es posible que esta mejor&iacute;a en la funci&oacute;n ventricular se pueda atribuir a los siguientes factores:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Mec&aacute;nica: Disminuyendo el estr&eacute;s en la pared ventricular del &aacute;rea infartada y de la remodelaci&oacute;n ventricular.<sup>30&#150;</sup><sup>67</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Promoviendo neoangiog&eacute;nesis en el sitio de implantaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas.<sup>45,</sup><sup>46</sup><sup>,52,69</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. Diferenci&aacute;ndose las c&eacute;lulas implantadas en cardiomiocitos funcionales e invadiendo la escara del infarto.<sup>68&#150;76</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La mejor&iacute;a en la funci&oacute;n y disminuci&oacute;n del &aacute;rea del tejido infartado, posterior a la implantaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas tallo en pacientes con infartos recientes, es discutible, debido a la existencia de tejido viable que mejora con el procedimiento de revascularizaci&oacute;n y no a la diferenciaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas a cardiomiocitos.<sup>71&#150;76</sup> Archundia y Aceves las inyectaron en infartos sin tejido viable, reportando resultados alentadores, aumentando las posibilidades de que la mejor&iacute;a observada sea atribuible a la diferenciaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas tallo a cardiomiocitos funcionales.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">De las diferentes l&iacute;neas celulares, las c&eacute;lulas tallo mesenquimales aut&oacute;logas presentan mayores ventajas, su obtenci&oacute;n de la circulaci&oacute;n perif&eacute;rica posterior a la estimulaci&oacute;n de la m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea es segura y menos invasiva que el aspirado de m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las diferentes v&iacute;as de implantaci&oacute;n utilizadas por los investigadores mencionados han mostrado buenos resultados, Strauer reporta que los resultados depender&aacute;n de la v&iacute;a de administraci&oacute;n y la concentraci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas implantadas<sup>77</sup> (<a href="#f1">Figura 1</a>). Sin embargo, los estudios reportados en la literatura m&eacute;dica incluyen pocos pacientes, por lo que tendremos que esperar estudios con mayor poblaci&oacute;n y discernir cu&aacute;l es la mejor v&iacute;a de implantaci&oacute;n, esperando la prueba del tiempo para la cardiomioplastia celular.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/ric/v57n2/a8f1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La investigaci&oacute;n est&aacute; activa en diferentes grupos en el mundo y seguramente en a&ntilde;os venideros se conocer&aacute;n mejor los mecanismos de acci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas implantadas, los criterios de selecci&oacute;n y los alcances del procedimiento de la cardiomioplastia celular.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCIAS</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Lee  MS,  Makkar BR.  Stem&#150;cell transplantation in myocardial infarction:   A  status  report. <i>Ann Internal Med </i>2004;   140(9): 729&#150;37.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758913&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Mallory GK, White PD, Salcedo&#150;Salgar J. The speed of healing of myocardial infarction: a study of pathologic anatomy in 72 cases. <i>Am Heart J </i>1939; 18: 647&#150;71.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758914&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. Soonpaa MH, Field LJ. Survey of studies examining mammalian cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis. <i>Circ Res </i>1998; 83:  15&#150;26.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758915&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. Barbash IM, Chouraqui P, Baron J, Feinberg MS, Etzion S, Tessone  S.   Systemic  delivery  of bone  marrow&#150;derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium: Feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution. <i>Circulation </i>2003;  108(7): 863&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758916&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. Korbling M, Estrov Z.  Medical progress: Adult stem cells for tissue repair &#150; A new therapeutic concept? <i>N Engl J Med </i>2003; 349(6):    570&#150;82.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758917&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. Slack JMW. Stem cells in epithelial tissues. <i>Science </i>2000; 287: 1431&#150;3.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758918&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. Weissman IL. Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution. <i>Cell </i>2000;  100:  157&#150;68.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758919&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. Blau HM, Brazelton TR, Weimann JM.  The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function? <i>Cell </i>2001; 105: 829&#150;41.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758920&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. Quesenberry PJ, Colvin GA, Lambert JF. The chiaroscuro stem cell: a unified stem cell theory. <i>Blood </i>2002;  100: 4266&#150;71.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758921&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">10. Graf   T.    Differentiation    plasticity    of   hematopoietic    cells. <i>Blood </i>2002;  99:   3089&#150;101.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758922&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">11. Ferrari G, Cusella&#150;De Angelis G, Coletta M. Muscle regeneration  by  bone   marrow&#150;derived  myogenic   progenitors. <i>Science </i>1998;   279:   1528&#150;30.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758923&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">12. Jiang Y, Jahagirda BN, Reinhardt RL. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. <i>Nature </i>2002; 418: 41&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758924&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">13. Bartolomew   A.   Mesencgymal   stem   cells. <i>Grafo   </i>2000;   3(6): 277&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758925&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">14. Pittenger  MF,  Mackay  AM.   Multipotential  human  mesenchymal stem cells. <i>Graft </i>2000; 3(6): 288&#150;93.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758926&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">15. Verfaillie CM. Stem cell plasticity. <i>Graft </i>2000; 3(6): 296&#150;7.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758927&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">16. Pereira  RF,  O'Hara,  Laptev  AV.   Marrow  stromal  cells  as  a source   of   progenitor   cells   for   nonhematopoietic   tissues   in transgenic  mice  with  a phenotype   of osteogenesis   imperfect. <i>Proc Nati Acad Sci </i>1998; 95:  1142&#150;7.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758928&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">17. Gussoni E, Soneoka Y, Strockland C. Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by item cells transplantation. <i>Nature </i>1999;  401:  390&#150;4.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758929&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">18. Jackson   A,   MI   T,   Goodell   MA.   Hematopoietic   potential   of stem cells isolated from murine skeletal muscle. <i>Prot Nati Acad Sci USA  </i>1999; 96: 482&#150;6.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758930&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">19. Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. <i>Science </i>1999; 284:  1168&#150;70.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758931&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">20. Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H. Ischemia and citikine induced mobilization of bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. <i>Nat Med </i>1999; 5: 454&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758932&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">21. Bishop AE, Buttery LD, Polak JM. Embryonic stem cells. <i>J Pathol </i>2002;   197:  424&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758933&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">22. Theise  ND,   Nimmakayalu  M,   Gardner  R,   et  al.   Liver  from bone marrow in humans. <i>Hepatology </i>2000; 32:  11&#150;16.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758934&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">23. Alison MR,  Poulsom R,  Jeffery R.  Hepatocytes from non&#150;hepatic adult stem cells. <i>Nature </i>2000; 406: 257.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758935&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">24. Kleeberger  W,   Rothamel  T,   Glockner  S,   Flemming  P,   Lehmann U, Kreipe H.  High frequency of epithelial chimerism in liver  transplants   demonstrated   by   microdissection   and   STR&#150;analysis. <i>Hepatology </i>2002; 35:  110&#150;16.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758936&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">25. Okamoto R, Yajima T, Yamazaki M.  Damaged epithelia regenerated by bone marrow&#150;derived cells  in the human gastrointestinal tract. <i>Nat Med </i>2002; 8:  1011&#150;7.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758937&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">26. Mezey E, Key S, Vogelsang G, Szalayova I, Lange GD, Crain B. Transplanted  bone  marrow  generates  new  neurons   in  human brains. <i>Proc Nati Acad Sci USA </i>2003;  100:  1364&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758938&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">27. Weimann JM, Charlton GA, Brazelton TR, Hackman RC, Blau H.  Contribution of transplanted bone marrow cells to purkinje neurons in human adult brains. <i>Proc Nati Acad Sci USA </i>2003; 100:   2088&#150;93.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758939&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800027&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">28. Grant MB, May WS, Caballero S. Adult hematopoietic stem cells   provide   functional   hemangioblast   activity   during   retinal neovascularization. <i>Nat Med </i>2002; 8: 607&#150;12.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758940&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800028&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">29. Masuya  M,  Drake  CJ,   Fleming  PA.   Hematopoietic  origin  of glomerular mesangial cells. <i>Blood </i>2003;  101: 2215&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758941&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">30. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Limana F, Jakoniuk I, Quaini F. Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival. <i>Proc Nati Acad Sci USA </i>2001; 98:    10344&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758942&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">31. Welch S, Plank D, Witt S, Glascock B, Schaefer E, Chimenti S. Cardiac&#150;specific  IGF&#150;1   expression  attenuates  dilated  cardiomyopathy in tropomodulin&#150;overexpressing transgenic mice, <i>Circ Res </i>2002; 90: 641&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758943&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800031&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">32. Soonpaa MH, Koh GY, Klug MG, Field LJ. Formation of nascent   intercalated   disks   between   grafted  fetal   cardiomyocytes and host myocardium. <i>Science </i>1994; 264: 98&#150;101.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758944&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800032&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">33. Scorsin M, Marotte F, Sabri A, Le Dref O, Demirag M, Samuel JL.   Can  grafted  cardiomyocytes  colonize  peri&#150;infarct myocardial areas? <i>Circulation </i>1996; 94: 11337&#150;40.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758945&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800033&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">34. Li  RK,  Jia ZQ,  Weisel RD,  Mickle  DA,  Zhang J,  Mohabeer MK.   Cardiomyocyte   transplantation   improves   heart  function. <i>Ann Thorac Surg </i>1996; 62: 654&#150;60; discussion 660&#150;1.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758946&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800034&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">35. Etzion S, Battler A, Barbash IM, Cagnano E, Zarin P, Granot Y.   Influence   of embryonic   cardiomyocyte  transplantation   on the  progression  of heart  failure  in  a rat model  of extensive myocardial infarction. <i>J Mol Cell Cardiol </i>2001; 33:  1321&#150;30.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758947&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800035&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">36. Van Meter CH Jr., Claycomb WC, Delcarpio JB, Smith DM, de&#150;Gruiter  H,   Smart  F,   Myoblast transplantation  in  the  porcine model:  a potential technique  for myocardial repair. <i>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg  </i>1995;   110:   1442&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758948&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800036&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">37. Hughes S. Cardiac stem cells. <i>J Pathol </i>2002; 197: 468&#150;78.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758949&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800037&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">38. Leor J,  Prentice  H,  Sartorelli  V,  Qui&ntilde;ones  MJ,  Patterson M, Kedes LK.  Gene transfer and cell transplant:  an experimental approach to repair a 'broken heart'. <i>Cardiovasc Res </i>1997; 35: 431&#150;41.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758950&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800038&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">39. Jain M, DerSimonian H, Brenner DA, Ngoy S, Teller P, Edge AS.  Cell therapy attenuates  deleterious ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac performance after myocardial infarction. <i>Circulation </i>2001;   103:   1920&#150;7.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758951&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800039&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">40. Ghostine S, Carrion C, Souza LC, Richard P, Bruneval P, Vilquin JT. Long&#150;term efficacy of myoblast transplantation on regional structure  and function after myocardial infarction. <i>Circulation </i>2002;   106:  1131&#150;6.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758952&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800040&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">41. Pouzet B, Vilquin JT, Hag&eacute;ge AA, Scorsin M, Messas E, Fiszman   M.   Intramyocardial   transplantation   of  autologous   myoblasts:  can tissue  processing be  optimized? <i>Circulation </i>2000; 102:   III210&#150;5.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758953&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800041&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">42. Robinson SW,  Cho PW,  Levitsky HI,  Olson JL,  Hruban RH, Acker  MA.   Arterial   delivery  of genetically  labelled  skeletal myoblasts to the murine heart:  long&#150;term survival and phenotypic   modification   of  implanted   myoblasts.   <i>Cell   Transplant </i>1996;  5:  77&#150;91.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758954&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800042&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">43. Shintani S, Murohara T, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Honma T, Katoh A. Mobilization  of endothelial  progenitor  cells   in  patients   with acute myocardial infarction. <i>Circulation </i>2001;  103:  2776&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758955&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800043&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">44. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. <i>Circ Res </i>1999; 85: 221&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758956&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800044&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">45. Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, Chen D, Silver M, Kearney M.  Ischemia&#150;  and  cytokine&#150;induced mobilization of bone marrow&#150;derived   endothelial   progenitor   cells   for   neovascularization. <i>Nat Med </i>1999; 5: 434&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758957&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800045&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">46. Kawamoto A, Gwon HC, Iwaguro H, Yamaguchi JI, Uchida S, Masuda H. Therapeutic potential of ex vivo expanded endothelial   progenitor   cells    for   myocardial    ischemia. <i>Circulation </i>2001;   103:  634&#150;7.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758958&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800046&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">47. Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Szabolcs MJ, Takuma S, Burkhoff D, Wang  J.   Neovascularization  of ischemic  myocardium  by  human   bone&#150;marrow&#150;derived   angioblasts   prevents   cardiomyocyte  apoptosis,  reduces  remodeling  and  improves  cardiac  function. <i>Nat Med </i>2001; 7: 430&#150;6.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758959&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800047&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">48. Condorelli G, Borello U, De Angelis L, Latronico M, Sirabella D, Coletta M. Cardiomyocytes induce endothelial cells to transdifferentiate into cardiac muscle:  implications for myocardium regeneration. <i>Proc Nati Acad Sci USA </i>2001; 98:  10733&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758960&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800048&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">49. Badorff C, Brandes RP, Popp R, Rupp S, Urbich C, Aicher A. Transdifferentiation  of blood&#150;derived  human  adult  endothelial progenitor  cells  into  functionally  active  cardiomyocytes. <i>Circulation  </i>2003;   107:   1024&#150;32.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758961&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800049&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">50. Szilvassy SJ, Bass MJ, Van Zant G, Grimes B. Organ&#150;selective homing  defines  engraftment kinetics  of murine  hematopoietic stem  cells  and  is  compromised by ex vivo  expansion. <i>Blood </i>1999;  93:   1557&#150;66.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758962&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800050&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">51. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Adler K, Aicher A, Martin H, Zeiher AM. Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. <i>Circulation  </i>2001;   103:   2885&#150;90.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758963&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800051&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">52. Fuchs S, Baffour R, Zhou YF, Shou M, Pierre A, Tio FO. Transendocardial delivery of autologous bone marrow enhances collateral perfusi&oacute;n and regional function in pigs with chronic experimental myocardial ischemia. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol </i>2001; 37: 1726&#150;32.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758964&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800052&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">53. Hescheler J,  Fleischmann BK.  Indispensable tools:  embryonic stem  cells yield insights  into the  human heart. <i>J Clin Invest </i>2001;   108:  363&#150;4.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758965&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800053&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">54. Kehat  I,   Kenyagin&#150;Karsenti   D,   Snir  M,   Segev  H,   Amit  M, Gepstein A. Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. <i>J Clin Invest </i>2001;  108: 407&#150;14.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758966&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800054&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">55. Min JY, Yang Y, Converso KL, Liu L, Huang Q, Morgan JP. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats. <i>J Appl Physiol </i>2002; 92: 288&#150;96.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758967&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800055&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">56. O'Shea KS. Embryonic stem cell models of development. <i>Anat Rec </i>1999; 257: 32&#150;41.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758968&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800056&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">57. Perin EC, Geng YJ, Willerson JT.  Adult stem cell therapy in perspective. <i>Circulation </i>2003;   107:  935&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758969&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800057&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">58. Ferrari G, Cusella&#150;De Angelis G, Coletta M, Paolucci E, Stor&#150;naiuolo A, Cossu G. Muscle regeneration by bone marrow&#150;derived myogenic progenitors. <i>Science  </i>1998;  279:   1528&#150;30.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758970&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800058&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">59. Wang JS, Shum&#150;Tim D, Galipeau J, Chedrawy E, Eliopoulos N, Chiu  RC.  Marrow  stromal  cells  for cellular  cardiomyoplasty: feasibility and potential clinical advantages. <i>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg </i>2000;   120:  999&#150;1005.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758971&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800059&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">60. Makino S, Fukuda K, Miyoshi S, Konishi F, Kodama H, Pan J. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. <i>J Clin Invest </i>1999;  103: 697&#150;705.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758972&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800060&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">61. Toma C, Pittenger PF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ, Kessler PD. Human mesenchymal  stem  cells  differentiate  to  a cardiomyocyte  phenotype in the adult murine heart. <i>Circulation </i>2002; 105: 93&#150;8.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758973&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800061&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">62. Shake JG, Gruber PJ, Baumgartner WA, Senechal G, Meyers J, Redmond JM. Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial  infarct model:   engraftment  and functional  effects. <i>Ann Thorac Surg </i>2002; 73:  1919&#150;25; discussion 1926.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758974&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800062&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">63. Makkar RR, Price MJ, Lili M, Takizawa K, Frantzen M, Fishbein MC.  Multilineage  differentiation of transplanted allogenic mesenchymal stem cells injected in a porcine model of recent  myocardial  infarction  improves  left  ventricular function. <i>Circulation </i>2002;  106:  1134.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758975&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800063&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">64. Qayyum MS, Takizawa K, Frantzen M, MacLellan R, Lili M, Fishbein MC. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy prevents deterioration of left ventricular function in a porcine myocardial infarction model. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol </i>2002; 39: 169A.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758976&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800064&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">65. Min JY, Sullivan MF, Yang Y, Zhang JP, Converso KL, Morgan JP.  Significant improvement of heart function by cotransplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells and fetal cardiomyocytes   in  postinfarcted  pigs. <i>Ann   Thorac  Surg  </i>2002;   74: 1568&#150;75.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758977&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800065&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">66. Rangappa S, Fen C, Lee EH, Bongso A, Wei ES. Transformation  of adult mesenchymal  stem  cells  isolated from the  fatty tissue into cardiomyocytes. <i>Ann Thorac Surg </i>2003; 75: 775&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758978&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800066&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">67. Tomita S, Li RK, Weisel RD,  Mickle DA, Kim EJ,  Sakai T. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function. <i>Circulation  </i>1999;  100:  11247&#150;56.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758979&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800067&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">68. Laflamme MA, Myerson D, Saffitz JE, Murry CE. Evidence for cardiomyocyte repopulation by extracardiac progenitors in transplanted human hearts. <i>Circulation Res </i>2002; 90(6): 634&#150;40.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758980&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800068&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">69. Jackson KA, Majka SM, Wang H, Pocius J, Hartley CJ, Majesky MW, Entman ML, Michael LH, Hirschi KK, Goodell MA. Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. <i>J Clin Invest </i>2001; 107:  1395&#150;1402.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758981&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800069&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">70. Quaini F, Urbanek K, Beltrami AP, Finato N, Beltrami CA, Nadal&#150;Ginard B, Kajstura J, Leri A, Anversa P. Chimerism of the transplanted heart. <i>N Engl J Med </i>2002; 346: 5&#150;15.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758982&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800070&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">71. Strauer  BE,  Brehm  M,  Zeus  T,  Kostering  M,   Hernandez  A, Sorg RV.  Repair infarted myocardium by autologous  intracoronary  mononuclear  bone  marrow  cell  transplantation  in  humans. <i>Circulation </i>2002.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758983&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800071&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">72. Assmus  B,  Schachinger V,  Teupe  C,  Britten M,  Lehmann R, Dobert  N.   Transplantation  of progenitor  cells   and  regeneration enhancement in  acute  myocardial  infarction (TOPCARE&#150;AMI). <i>Circulation </i>2002;   106:  3009&#150;17.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758984&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800072&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">73. Britten MB, Abolmaali ND, Assmus B. Infarct remodeling after intracoronary  progenitor  cell treatment  in patients  with  acute myocardial  infarction  (TOPCARE&#150;AMI).   Mechanistic   insights from   serial   contrast&#150;enhanced   magnetic   resonance   imaging. <i>Circulation   </i>2003.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758985&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800073&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">74. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J. Randomized controlled clinical trial   of  intracoronary   autologous   bone   marrow   cell   transfer post myocardial infarction. <i>Circulation </i>2003;  108:  272.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758986&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800074&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">75. Tse HF, Kwong YL, Chan JK, Lo G, Ho CL, Lau CP. Angiogenesis  in ischaemic myocardium by intramyocardial autologous bone   marrow   mononuclear   cell   implantation. <i>Lancet   </i>2003; 361:   47&#150;9.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758987&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800075&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">76. Stam C, Westphal B, Klein HD, Petzsch M, Kittner C, Klinge H. Autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. <i>Lancet </i>2003; 361:  45&#150;6.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758988&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800076&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">77. Strauer BE, Kornowky R. Stem cell therapy in perspective. <i>Circulation </i>2003;  107:  929.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=6758989&pid=S0034-8376200500020000800077&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makkar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stem-cell transplantation in myocardial infarction: A status report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Internal Med]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>140</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>729-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mallory]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salcedo-Salgar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The speed of healing of myocardial infarction: a study of pathologic anatomy in 72 cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am Heart J]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>647-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soonpaa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survey of studies examining mammalian cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circ Res]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>83</numero>
<issue>83</issue>
<page-range>15-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chouraqui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Etzion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tessone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium: Feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>863-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korbling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estrov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Medical progress: Adult stem cells for tissue repair - A new therapeutic concept?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>349</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>570-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JMW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stem cells in epithelial tissues]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>287</numero>
<issue>287</issue>
<page-range>1431-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weissman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>100</numero>
<issue>100</issue>
<page-range>157-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brazelton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weimann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>105</numero>
<issue>105</issue>
<page-range>829-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesenberry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colvin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The chiaroscuro stem cell: a unified stem cell theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>100</numero>
<issue>100</issue>
<page-range>4266-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Differentiation plasticity of hematopoietic cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>99</numero>
<issue>99</issue>
<page-range>3089-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cusella-De Angelis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coletta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>279</numero>
<issue>279</issue>
<page-range>1528-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jahagirda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>418</numero>
<issue>418</issue>
<page-range>41-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartolomew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mesencgymal stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Grafo]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>277-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pittenger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Multipotential human mesenchymal stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Graft]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>288-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verfaillie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stem cell plasticity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Graft]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>296-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Hara]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laptev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Marrow stromal cells as a source of progenitor cells for nonhematopoietic tissues in transgenic mice with a phenotype of osteogenesis imperfect]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Nati Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>95</numero>
<issue>95</issue>
<page-range>1142-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gussoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soneoka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strockland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by item cells transplantation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>401</numero>
<issue>401</issue>
<page-range>390-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hematopoietic potential of stem cells isolated from murine skeletal muscle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prot Nati Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>96</numero>
<issue>96</issue>
<page-range>482-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patrene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>284</numero>
<issue>284</issue>
<page-range>1168-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ischemia and citikine induced mobilization of bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Med]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>454-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bishop]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buttery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Embryonic stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pathol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>197</numero>
<issue>197</issue>
<page-range>424-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ND]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nimmakayalu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Liver from bone marrow in humans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepatology]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>11-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poulsom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeffery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>406</numero>
<issue>406</issue>
<page-range>257</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kleeberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothamel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glockner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flemming]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kreipe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[High frequency of epithelial chimerism in liver transplants demonstrated by microdissection and STR-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepatology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>35</numero>
<issue>35</issue>
<page-range>110-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okamoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yajima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamazaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Damaged epithelia regenerated by bone marrow-derived cells in the human gastrointestinal tract]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Med]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1011-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mezey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Key]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogelsang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szalayova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transplanted bone marrow generates new neurons in human brains]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Nati Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>100</numero>
<issue>100</issue>
<page-range>1364-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weimann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charlton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brazelton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hackman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Contribution of transplanted bone marrow cells to purkinje neurons in human adult brains]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Nati Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>100</numero>
<issue>100</issue>
<page-range>2088-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[May]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Adult hematopoietic stem cells provide functional hemangioblast activity during retinal neovascularization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Med]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>607-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masuya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleming]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hematopoietic origin of glomerular mesangial cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>101</numero>
<issue>101</issue>
<page-range>2215-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orlic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kajstura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chimenti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Limana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jakoniuk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quaini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Nati Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>98</numero>
<issue>98</issue>
<page-range>10344-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glascock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaefer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chimenti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cardiac-specific IGF-1 expression attenuates dilated cardiomyopathy in tropomodulin-overexpressing transgenic mice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circ Res]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>90</numero>
<issue>90</issue>
<page-range>641-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soonpaa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Formation of nascent intercalated disks between grafted fetal cardiomyocytes and host myocardium]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<numero>264</numero>
<issue>264</issue>
<page-range>98-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scorsin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Dref]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Can grafted cardiomyocytes colonize peri-infarct myocardial areas?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>94</numero>
<issue>94</issue>
<page-range>11337-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZQ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weisel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mickle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohabeer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cardiomyocyte transplantation improves heart function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>62</numero>
<issue>62</issue>
<page-range>654-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Etzion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Battler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cagnano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zarin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Influence of embryonic cardiomyocyte transplantation on the progression of heart failure in a rat model of extensive myocardial infarction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Mol Cell Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>33</numero>
<issue>33</issue>
<page-range>1321-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Meter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Claycomb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delcarpio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de-Gruiter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Myoblast transplantation in the porcine model: a potential technique for myocardial repair]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<numero>110</numero>
<issue>110</issue>
<page-range>1442-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cardiac stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pathol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>197</numero>
<issue>197</issue>
<page-range>468-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prentice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sartorelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kedes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gene transfer and cell transplant: an experimental approach to repair a 'broken heart']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cardiovasc Res]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<numero>35</numero>
<issue>35</issue>
<page-range>431-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[erSimonian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ngoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cell therapy attenuates deleterious ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac performance after myocardial infarction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>1920-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghostine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruneval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilquin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Long-term efficacy of myoblast transplantation on regional structure and function after myocardial infarction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>106</numero>
<issue>106</issue>
<page-range>1131-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pouzet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilquin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagége]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scorsin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiszman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous myoblasts: can tissue processing be optimized?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>102</numero>
<issue>102</issue>
<page-range>III210-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hruban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Arterial delivery of genetically labelled skeletal myoblasts to the murine heart: long-term survival and phenotypic modification of implanted myoblasts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Transplant]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>77-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shintani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murohara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ikeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ueno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Honma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katoh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>2776-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asahara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pastore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circ Res]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>85</numero>
<issue>85</issue>
<page-range>221-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kearney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Med]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>434-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawamoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwaguro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamaguchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uchida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Therapeutic potential of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for myocardial ischemia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>634-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kocher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szabolcs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burkhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Med]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>430-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Condorelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Angelis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Latronico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sirabella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coletta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cardiomyocytes induce endothelial cells to transdifferentiate into cardiac muscle: implications for myocardium regeneration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Nati Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>98</numero>
<issue>98</issue>
<page-range>10733-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rupp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urbich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aicher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transdifferentiation of blood-derived human adult endothelial progenitor cells into functionally active cardiomyocytes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>107</numero>
<issue>107</issue>
<page-range>1024-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szilvassy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Zant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Organ-selective homing defines engraftment kinetics of murine hematopoietic stem cells and is compromised by ex vivo expansion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>93</numero>
<issue>93</issue>
<page-range>1557-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fichtlscherer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aicher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeiher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>2885-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baffour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transendocardial delivery of autologous bone marrow enhances collateral perfusión and regional function in pigs with chronic experimental myocardial ischemia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Coll Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>37</numero>
<issue>37</issue>
<page-range>1726-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hescheler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleischmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Indispensable tools: embryonic stem cells yield insights into the human heart]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Invest]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>108</numero>
<issue>108</issue>
<page-range>363-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kehat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kenyagin-Karsenti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gepstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Invest]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>108</numero>
<issue>108</issue>
<page-range>407-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Min]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Converso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Physiol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>92</numero>
<issue>92</issue>
<page-range>288-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Shea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Embryonic stem cell models of development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anat Rec]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>257</numero>
<issue>257</issue>
<page-range>32-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Adult stem cell therapy in perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>107</numero>
<issue>107</issue>
<page-range>935-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cusella-De Angelis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coletta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paolucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stor-naiuolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cossu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>279</numero>
<issue>279</issue>
<page-range>1528-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shum-Tim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galipeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chedrawy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eliopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Marrow stromal cells for cellular cardiomyoplasty: feasibility and potential clinical advantages]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>120</numero>
<issue>120</issue>
<page-range>999-1005</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miyoshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kodama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Invest]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>697-705</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pittenger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cahill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byrne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>105</numero>
<issue>105</issue>
<page-range>93-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumgartner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senechal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redmond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: engraftment and functional effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>73</numero>
<issue>73</issue>
<page-range>1919-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makkar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Price]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takizawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frantzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fishbein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Multilineage differentiation of transplanted allogenic mesenchymal stem cells injected in a porcine model of recent myocardial infarction improves left ventricular function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>106</numero>
<issue>106</issue>
<page-range>1134</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qayyum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takizawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frantzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacLellan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fishbein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mesenchymal stem cell therapy prevents deterioration of left ventricular function in a porcine myocardial infarction model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Coll Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>39</numero>
<issue>39</issue>
<page-range>169A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Min]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Converso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Significant improvement of heart function by cotransplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells and fetal cardiomyocytes in postinfarcted pigs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>74</numero>
<issue>74</issue>
<page-range>1568-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rangappa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bongso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the fatty tissue into cardiomyocytes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>75</numero>
<issue>75</issue>
<page-range>775-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weisel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mickle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>100</numero>
<issue>100</issue>
<page-range>11247-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laflamme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saffitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evidence for cardiomyocyte repopulation by extracardiac progenitors in transplanted human hearts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation Res]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>634-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Majka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pocius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Majesky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Entman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michael]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirschi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Invest]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>107</numero>
<issue>107</issue>
<page-range>1395-1402</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quaini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urbanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nadal-Ginard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kajstura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anversa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Chimerism of the transplanted heart]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>346</numero>
<issue>346</issue>
<page-range>5-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brehm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kostering]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sorg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Repair infarted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assmus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schachinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teupe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Britten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dobert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>106</numero>
<issue>106</issue>
<page-range>3009-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Britten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abolmaali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ND]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assmus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Infarct remodeling after intracoronary progenitor cell treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI): Mechanistic insights from serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wollert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Randomized controlled clinical trial of intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transfer post myocardial infarction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>108</numero>
<issue>108</issue>
<page-range>272</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Angiogenesis in ischaemic myocardium by intramyocardial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>361</numero>
<issue>361</issue>
<page-range>47-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Westphal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kittner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klinge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>361</numero>
<issue>361</issue>
<page-range>45-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kornowky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stem cell therapy in perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>107</numero>
<issue>107</issue>
<page-range>929</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
