<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692018000100013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Understanding active volcanoes: the case of Usu Volcano, Japan, with emphasis on the 1977 summit eruption]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yokoyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsushima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Japan Academy  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tokyo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Japan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Geological Survey of Japan  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tsukuba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Japan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>37</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692018000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692018000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692018000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Understanding the behavior of an active volcano requires a multidisciplinary analysis of its past and present activities. The aim of the present study is to explain the eruption mechanisms of Usu Volcano, which is one of the smallest active volcanoes of the world, yet a hazardous one as it has produced various types of eruptive activity such as pumice, ash and pyroclastic ejections, and the formation of lava domes at the summit and at its base. The past activity of the volcano, particularly the pyroclastic eruptions, is briefly discussed on the basis of the published papers and geologic maps. Usu is a dacitic volcano that has produced summit and basal eruptions from parasitic vents, as those of 1910 and 1943. The former was phreatic and the latter resulted in a lava dome formation. The 1977 eruption began with a pumice eruption at the summit, and phreatic eruptions continued for over 5 years. The 2000 eruption was phreato-magmatic with the outbreak at the NW base. The eruptions of this volcano since the 17th century show a 57-year mean recurrence time. The 1977 eruption is one of the largest and was a typical case of the summit eruptions. This compilation of the various geophysical observations of this eruption will contribute in the understanding of its internal structure and of the eruption mechanisms of this volcano.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Comprender el comportamiento de un volcán activo requiere un análisis multidisciplinario de sus actividades pasadas y presentes. En este trabajo se pretenden explicar los mecanismos eruptivos del volcán Usu, uno de los volcanes activos más pequeños del mundo, pero no por ello menos peligroso, ya que ha producido diversos tipos de erupciones como eyecciones de pómez, cenizas y piroclastos y la formación de domos de lava en la cumbre y en su base. La actividad pasada del volcán, particularmente las erupciones piroclásticas, se discute brevemente basado en los artículos y mapas geológicos publicados. Usu es un volcán dacítico que ha producido erupciones desde la cumbre y desde bocas parásitas en su base, como las de 1910 y 1943. La primera fue freática y la segunda produjo un domo de lava. La erupción de 1977 inició con una erupción pumítica en la cumbre y continuó con erupciones freáticas por más de 5 años. La erupción de 2000 fue freato-magmática, desde la base NW. Las erupciones de este volcán desde el siglo 17 muestran un tiempo de recurrencia media de 57 años. La erupción de 1977 es una de las más grandes y fue un caso típico de las erupciones de la cumbre. El objetivo de esta recopilación de las diversas observaciones geofísicas de esa erupción contribuye a la comprensión de su estructura interna y de los mecanismos de erupción del Usu.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Erupciones desde la cumbre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[erupción parásita]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo de fractura por cizalla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[movimiento de bloque]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estructura del volcán]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[depósito de magma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Summit eruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parasitic eruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[shear fracture model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[block movement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[volcano structure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[magma reservoir]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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