<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692015000300255</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gi.2015.04.017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Short Baseline Calibration using GPS and EDM Observations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vazquez Becerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe Esteban]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rick A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mijaíl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trejo Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaxiola-Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Autonomous University of Sinaloa Culiacan Faculty of the Earth and Space Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>MX</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Arizona Department of Geosciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tucson AZ]]></addr-line>
<country>US</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Arizona Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering, Mechanics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tucson AZ]]></addr-line>
<country>US</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>255</fpage>
<lpage>266</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692015000300255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692015000300255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692015000300255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We conducted a baseline comparison for instrument calibration using GPS (Global Positioning System) and EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) observations. The experiment was carried out at campus of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS) in Culiacan, Mexico. The main objective of this research was to establish a short (&#8764;125 m) baseline for calibration of geodetic-grade GPS and EDM instruments of different commercial brands to validate the precision specifications offered by the manufacturers of such instruments. We compared three types of geodetic-grade GPS receivers: Topcon Hiper Lite +, Ashtech Z-Xtreme and Leica SR500 and three types of EDM: Topcon GTS-236W, Pentax R-326EX and Leica TC-407. For the experiment, the baseline components were computed by using ionosphere-free double-difference (DD) GPS carrier phase observations processed using the PAGES software (Program for the Adjustment of GPS EphemerideS). The GPS data were processed with a 1-second sampling rate, 10-degree cutoff angle, and precise GPS orbits disseminated by IGS (International GNSS Service). The length of the calibration baseline was also obtained by averaging 20 measurements of line length directly recorded by the three different EDM instruments. GPS results agree among different brands with differences of ±2 mm in contrast with the resulting EDM values that differ within ±3 mm.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Una investigación fue conducida para establecer y comparar una línea base de calibración a partir de mediciones realizadas a los GPS (Sistemas de Posicionamiento Global) y de taquímetro electrónico o EDM (Medición Electrónica de Distancia). El experimento se realizó en el campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS) en Culiacán, México. El objetivo principal recae en la necesidad de establecer una línea base de calibración (&#8764;125 m), que permita la realización continua y permanente de mediciones con receptores geodésicos GPS y con EDM para garantizar y validar las precisiones especificadas por los fabricantes de tales instrumentos. Dentro de los instrumentos de medición de diferente tipo y marca comercial utilizados y comparados se encuentran tres tipos de receptores geodésicos GPS: Topcon Hiper Lite +, Ashtech Z-Xtreme y Leica SR500 y tres tipos de EDM: Topcon GTS-236W, Pentax R-326EX y Leica TC-407. Para el experimento, los componentes de la línea base de calibración fueron calculados usando las observaciones GPS de fase de diferencias dobles libres de ionosfera y procesadas utilizando el software científico PAGES (Program for the Adjustment of GPS EphemerideS). Las mediciones GPS fueron procesadas considerando intervalos de medición de 1 segundo, un ángulo de elevación de 10 grados, y órbitas precisas GPS diseminadas por el IGS (International GNSS Service). Por otra parte, la longitud de la línea base de calibración también fue directamente determinada con base en el promedio de 20 mediciones realizadas con cada EDM sobre los monumentos BASE1 y BASE2. Resultados obtenidos con GPS concuerdan entre las diferentes marcas de equipos con diferencias de ±2 mm, en contraste con los resultados obtenidos con EDM, los cuales difieren entre ±3 mm.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Calibration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[baseline]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GPS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[EDM.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Línea base]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calibración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[GPS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[EDM.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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