<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132005000400005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Correlación de los hallazgos panangiográficos, angiotomográficos y transoperatorios de los aneurismas intracraneales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Correlation of angiography and angiotomography results and transoperatory surgical finding in intracranial aneurysms]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Rentaría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Betancourt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuevas-Salgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caldera-Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agustín]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza Departamento de Neurocirugía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México, D. F ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>141</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>279</fpage>
<lpage>282</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132005000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132005000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132005000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Objetivo: Determinar la correlación de la angiografía de sustracción digital y la angiotomografía con los hallazgos transoperatorios en el diagnóstico de los aneurismas intracraneales. Material y métodos: Este estudio se realizó en el Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza del IMSS, del 1 de diciembre del 2003 al 31 de mayo del 2004, estudiándose un total de 20 pacientes con diagnóstico de aneurisma intracraneal roto o no roto que contara con ambos estudios de imagen: angiotomografía tridimensional y panangiografía cerebral y que recibiera tratamiento quirúrgico. Posteriormente los estudios de imagen se correlacionaron con los hallazgos transoperatorios. Resultados: La localización del aneurisma concordó con los hallazgos quirúrgicos en 100% de los casos por angiografía y 96% por angiotomografía, el tamaño del aneurisma fue 92% por angiografía y 84% por angiotomografía, características del cuello 92% por angiografía y 84% por angiotomografía, relación con arterias adyacentes 96% por angiografía y 88% por angiotomografía, la orientación del domo del aneurisma fue correcta en 100% con los dos estudios. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en base a la angiotomografía son alentadores, sin embargo sigue existiendo poca disponibilidad en nuestro Hospital para la realización de este estudio con miras a ser el estudio de elección. Deberán mejorarse las técnicas para el procesamiento de las imágenes para realizar a futuro la planeación quirúrgica de los aneurismas en base a la angiotomografía 3D .]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Objective: Determine the correlation of angiography and angiotomography imaging results with transoperative findings in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. Material and methods: The study took place at the <<Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza>> from December 2003 through May 31 2004. We studied 20 patients who underwent surgical treatment due to ruptured or non ruptured intracranial aneurysm and had angiotomography and cerebral angiography. Imaging studies were later correlated with surgical findings. Results: Aneurysm location matched surgical findings in 100% of cases with angiography and 96% with angiotomography. Aneurysm size matched surgical findings in 92% of cases with angiography and 84% with angiotomography. The neck's characteristics matched 92% with angiography and 84% with angiotomography. The relationship of the aneurysm with adjacent arteries correlated in 96% of cases with angiography and 88% with angiotomography. The aneurysm s dome direction had a 100% match in both studies. Conclusions: 3D angiotomography results in our study showed an important correlation with surgical findings. While our results are encouraging, this procedure is not readily available at our facility and therefore cannot be considered the optimum imaging study. We must improve image processing, and train staff to include angiotomography in future surgical management of aneurysms.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Angiotomografía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[panangiografía cerebral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aneurisma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Angiotomography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cerebral panangiography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aneurysm]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culo original</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Correlaci&oacute;n de los hallazgos panangiogr&aacute;ficos, angiotomogr&aacute;ficos y transoperatorios de los aneurismas </b><b>intracraneales</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Correlation of angiography and angiotomography results and transoperatory surgical finding in intracranial aneurysms</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Salvador Jos&eacute; L&oacute;pez&#150;Ortega, &ordf; Jos&eacute; Antonio Garc&iacute;a&#150;Rentar&iacute;a,&ordf;  Leonardo &Aacute;lvarez&#150;Betancourt,&ordf; Jorge Cuevas&#150;Salgado,<sup>b</sup> Agust&iacute;n Caldera&#150;Duarte&ordf;</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>&ordf; Departamentos de Neurocirug&iacute;a y </i></font><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><i><sup>b</sup></i> Radiolog&iacute;a</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Hospital de Especialidades Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, M&eacute;xico, D. F.</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Correspondencia y solicitud de reimpresos.</b>     <br>   <i>Dr. Salvador Jos&eacute; L&oacute;pez Ortega,     <br>   Alejandr&iacute;a 94&#150;6 Col. Claver&iacute;a, Delegaci&oacute;n Azcapotzalco,     <br>   C. P. 02080 M&eacute;xico, D. F. Tel: 50&#150;82&#150;57&#150;84 </i>    <br> e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:nqxsal@hotmail.com">nqxsal@hotmail.com</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido en su versi&oacute;n modificada: 15 de noviembre de 2004    <br>   Aceptado: 6 de diciembre de 2004</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Objetivo: Determinar la correlaci&oacute;n de la angiograf&iacute;a de sustracci&oacute;n digital y la angiotomograf&iacute;a con los hallazgos transoperatorios en el diagn&oacute;stico de los aneurismas intracraneales.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material y m&eacute;todos: Este estudio se realiz&oacute; en el Hospital de Especialidades Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional La Raza del IMSS, del 1 de diciembre del 2003 al 31 de mayo del 2004, estudi&aacute;ndose un total de 20 pacientes con diagn&oacute;stico de aneurisma intracraneal roto o no roto que contara con ambos estudios de imagen: angiotomograf&iacute;a tridimensional y panangiograf&iacute;a cerebral y que recibiera tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico. Posteriormente los estudios de imagen se correlacionaron con los hallazgos transoperatorios.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Resultados: La localizaci&oacute;n del aneurisma concord&oacute; con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos en 100% de los casos por angiograf&iacute;a y 96% por angiotomograf&iacute;a, el tama&ntilde;o del aneurisma fue 92% por angiograf&iacute;a y 84% por angiotomograf&iacute;a, caracter&iacute;sticas del cuello 92% por angiograf&iacute;a y 84% por angiotomograf&iacute;a, relaci&oacute;n con arterias adyacentes 96% por angiograf&iacute;a y 88% por angiotomograf&iacute;a, la orientaci&oacute;n del domo del aneurisma fue correcta en 100% con los dos estudios.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en base a la angiotomograf&iacute;a son alentadores, sin embargo sigue existiendo poca disponibilidad en nuestro Hospital para la realizaci&oacute;n de este estudio con miras a ser el estudio de elecci&oacute;n. Deber&aacute;n mejorarse las t&eacute;cnicas para el procesamiento de las im&aacute;genes para realizar a futuro la planeaci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica de los aneurismas en base a la angiotomograf&iacute;a 3D .</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b><i>Angiotomograf&iacute;a, panangiograf&iacute;a cerebral,</i> <i>aneurisma</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Summary</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Objective: Determine the correlation of angiography and angiotomography imaging results with transoperative findings in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Material and methods: The study took place at the &lt;&lt;Hospital de Especialidades Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional La Raza&gt;&gt; from December 2003 through May 31 2004. We studied 20 patients who underwent surgical treatment due to ruptured or non ruptured intracranial aneurysm and had angiotomography and cerebral angiography. Imaging studies were later correlated with surgical findings.</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Results: Aneurysm location matched surgical findings in 100% of cases with angiography and 96% with angiotomography. Aneurysm size matched surgical findings in 92% of cases with angiography and 84% with angiotomography. The neck's characteristics matched 92% with angiography and 84% with angiotomography. The relationship of the aneurysm with adjacent arteries correlated in 96% of cases with angiography and 88% with angiotomography. The aneurysm </i>s <i>dome direction had a 100% match in both studies.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Conclusions: 3D angiotomography results in our study showed an important correlation with surgical findings. While our results are encouraging, this procedure is not readily available at our facility and therefore cannot be considered the optimum imaging study. We must improve image processing, and train staff to include angiotomography in future surgical management of aneurysms.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><b>Key words:</b> Angiotomography, cerebral panangiography, aneurysm</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El sangrado para la ruptura de un aneurisma es un factor importante que afecta los &iacute;ndices de mortalidad y morbilidad. El retraso en el diagn&oacute;stico incrementa el riesgo de resangrado especialmente despu&eacute;s de 6 horas del evento inicial. La intervenci&oacute;n temprana evita esta condici&oacute;n lo que permite un manejo m&aacute;s adecuado del vasoespasmo como una complicaci&oacute;n frecuente en esta patolog&iacute;a.<sup>1&#150;</sup><sup>3</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La angiograf&iacute;a con sustracci&oacute;n digital es &uacute;til para el diagn&oacute;stico de los aneurismas intracraneales; sin embargo, conlleva un riesgo de complicaciones de 0.25 a 1 %. Dicho procedimiento implica, en nuestro medio, mayor tiempo de realizaci&oacute;n del estudio y asimismo un retraso en el manejo quir&uacute;rgico.<sup>4</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La angiotomograf&iacute;a (angio TC o angio&#150;3D&#150;CT) puede reducir el tiempo para realizar el diagn&oacute;stico de aneurisma intracraneal.<sup>4&#150;</sup><sup>6</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La angio TC permite la visualizaci&oacute;n de aneurismas de 0.8 mm en la arteria comunicante anterior que es confirmada mediante cirug&iacute;a y no as&iacute; con la angiograf&iacute;a convencional. Esto indica que la seguridad en el diagn&oacute;stico de aneurisma intracraneal mediante angio&#150;TC es igual o superior a la angiograf&iacute;a convencional.<sup>1,</sup><sup>5</sup> Esta t&eacute;cnica provee im&aacute;genes preoperatorias que son &uacute;tiles en la planeaci&oacute;n del abordaje microquir&uacute;rgico, especialmente en casos de aneurismas gigantes o trombosados y, a su vez, intervenir quir&uacute;rgicamente dentro de las primeras seis horas de presentaci&oacute;n de la hemorragia subaracnoidea.<sup>7,8</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El estado cl&iacute;nico que presentan los pacientes como manifestaci&oacute;n de la hemorragia subaracnoidea influye directamente en su pron&oacute;stico, de esta manera el 72% de los pacientes que est&aacute;n en coma morir&aacute;n en las primeras 72 horas, mientras que el 75% de los pacientes que est&aacute;n alertas tendr&aacute;n un buen pron&oacute;stico; adem&aacute;s del estado de coma y datos cl&iacute;nicos de herniaci&oacute;n, otros dos factores parecen empeorar el pron&oacute;stico:</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Retraso en la cirug&iacute;a</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Imposibilidad de clipar el aneurisma</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La angio&#150;TC provee informaci&oacute;n adicional sobre el cuello del aneurisma que no puede ser obtenida con la angiograf&iacute;a convencional tales como la presencia de calcificaciones y su relaci&oacute;n con el cr&aacute;neo.<sup>9&#150;</sup><sup>12,</sup><sup>20</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la correlaci&oacute;n de la angiograf&iacute;a de sustracci&oacute;n digital y la angiotomograf&iacute;a con los hallazgos transoperatorios en el diagn&oacute;stico de los aneurismas intracraneales con &eacute;nfasis en la localizaci&oacute;n, tama&ntilde;o, caracter&iacute;sticas del cuello, relaci&oacute;n con las arterias adyacentes, datos de trombosis y/o calcificaciones y su orientaci&oacute;n.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Material y m&eacute;todos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Este estudio se realiz&oacute; en el Hospital de Especialidades Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional "La Raza" del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, interviniendo los servicios de Neurocirug&iacute;a y Radiodiagn&oacute;stico.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Del 1 de diciembre del 2003 al 31 de mayo del 2004 se estudiaron 20 pacientes que reunieron los siguientes criterios: edad mayor de 16 a&ntilde;os, hemorragia subaracnoidea Hunt y Hess I, II, III;<sup>27</sup> Fisher I, II, III, IV<sup>28</sup> con sospecha cl&iacute;nica o radiol&oacute;gica de hemorragia subaracnoidea secundaria a ruptura de aneurisma intracraneal, con estudios de imagen tales como angiotomograf&iacute;a tridimensional y panangiograf&iacute;a cerebral y tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los criterios de exclusi&oacute;n para este estudio fueron:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Patolog&iacute;a renal subyacente que impidiera la utilizaci&oacute;n de contraste intravenoso.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Hipersensibilidad conocida al medio de contraste.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. Estado neurol&oacute;gico grave que impidiera la realizaci&oacute;n de angiograf&iacute;a de sustracci&oacute;n digital y angiotomograf&iacute;a.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Al corroborarse el diagn&oacute;stico por panangiograf&iacute;a cerebral y angiotomograf&iacute;a tridimensional, se realiz&oacute; tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico y posteriormente se correlacion&oacute; con los hallazgos transoperatorios.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El radi&oacute;logo utiliz&oacute; una hoja de recolecci&oacute;n de datos donde se describen las caracter&iacute;sticas encontradas en la panangiograf&iacute;a cerebral y en la angiotomograf&iacute;a tridimensional y posteriormente se correlacion&oacute; con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se utiliz&oacute; un tom&oacute;grafo helicoidal con sustracci&oacute;n digital (Siemens Plus 4) con inyector autom&aacute;tico Medrad para realizar las angiotomograf&iacute;as y un equipo de angiograf&iacute;a de sustracci&oacute;n digital (Phillips Modelo Integris).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En todos los casos en los que se realiz&oacute; la angiograf&iacute;a de sustracci&oacute;n digital y la angiotomograf&iacute;a se solicit&oacute; carta de consentimiento informado.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resultados</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Del 1 de diciembre del 2003 al 31 de mayo del 2004 se realizaron un total de 44 procedimientos quir&uacute;rgicos para el tratamiento de los aneurismas en el Servicio de Neurocirug&iacute;a del Hospital de Especialidades Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional La Raza. Se incluyeron un total de 20 pacientes que reunieron los criterios de inclusi&oacute;n; cuatro pacientes ten&iacute;an aneurismas m&uacute;ltiples, con un total de 25 aneurismas estudiados</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">De los 20 pacientes, 17 fueron del sexo femenino y tres del sexo masculino.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los rangos de edad variaron entre 34 y 80 a&ntilde;os con un promedio de edad de 48.8 a&ntilde;os.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La localizaci&oacute;n de los aneurismas fueron: car&oacute;tida interna segmento comunicante (12), arteria comunicante anterior (6), arteria cerebral media derecha segmento M1  (2), car&oacute;tida interna izquierda segmento oft&aacute;lmico (2) arteria cerebral media derecha segmento M2 (1), bifurcaci&oacute;n de la car&oacute;tida derecha (1), pericallosa derecha (1).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los hallazgos por angiotomograf&iacute;a coincidieron con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos en 24 aneurismas (96%) y en 100% de los casos con panangiograf&iacute;a.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Con respecto al tama&ntilde;o del aneurisma, los hallazgos de la angiotomograf&iacute;a coincidieron con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos en 21 de 25 aneurismas lo que representa 84%, mientras (92%), la panangiograf&iacute;a correspondi&oacute; con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Con respecto a las caracter&iacute;sticas del cuello, los hallazgos de la angiotomograf&iacute;a coincidieron con los quir&uacute;rgicos en 21 de los 25 aneurismas, (84%) y en la panangiograf&iacute;a la coincidencia fue de 92% (23 casos).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las arterias adyacentes al origen del aneurisma se identificaron por angiotomograf&iacute;a en 22 casos (88%) y por angiograf&iacute;a en 24 casos (96%).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La presencia o ausencia por angiotomograf&iacute;a de trombosis o calcificaciones en el aneurisma coincidi&oacute; con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos en 19 casos (76%) y por angiograf&iacute;a en 21 casos (84%).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La orientaci&oacute;n del domo del aneurisma se clasific&oacute; como anterior, posterior, lateral, medial o mixtos. Los hallazgos angiotomogr&aacute;ficos coincidieron con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos en 100% de los casos al igual que los hallazgos angiogr&aacute;ficos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En tres pacientes se presentaron dos aneurismas y tres en un caso, (paciente de 80 a&ntilde;os). Todos fueron diagnosticados por angiotomograf&iacute;a y angiograf&iacute;a.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En la <a href="#f1">figura 1 </a>se muestran dos casos de aneurismas identificados por panangiograf&iacute;a y angiotomograf&iacute;a.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/gmm/v141n4/a5f1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En la <a href="#f2">figura 2</a> se presentan las variables analizadas, mostr&aacute;ndose el porcentaje de coincidencia de los hallazgos angiotomogr&aacute;ficos con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f2"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/gmm/v141n4/a5f2.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En la <a href="#f3">figura 3</a> se muestra el porcentaje de coincidencia obtenido en las diferentes variables por angiograf&iacute;a en relaci&oacute;n a lo encontrado en la cirug&iacute;a.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f3"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/gmm/v141n4/a5f3.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Durante el per&iacute;odo comprendido entre el 1 de diciembre del 2003 y el 31 de mayo del 2004 se realizaron un total de 44 cirug&iacute;as de colocaci&oacute;n de clip en aneurisma, pudi&eacute;ndose realizar el estudio completo en 20 pacientes, de los cuales 4 tuvieron aneurismas m&uacute;ltiples. El presente estudio valor&oacute; los hallazgos de imagen con los transoperatorios en 25 aneurismas.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La relaci&oacute;n mujer: hombre fue de 5.6:1, los grupos de edad m&aacute;s frecuentemente afectados por esta patolog&iacute;a fueron pacientes entre la quinta y sexta d&eacute;cadas de la vida.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En cuanto al sitio m&aacute;s frecuente de presentaci&oacute;n de los aneurismas fue el carot&iacute;deo en su segmento comunicante (12 casos) seguidos por aneurismas de la arteria comunicante anterior (6 casos).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La localizaci&oacute;n de los aneurismas por angiotomograf&iacute;a concord&oacute; en el 96% con lo encontrado en la cirug&iacute;a. Con angiograf&iacute;a el diagn&oacute;stico de la localizaci&oacute;n fue correcto en 100% de los casos. Con respecto a los resultados por angiotomograf&iacute;a concuerda con lo publicado en la literatura donde los verdaderos positivos son de 95.5%.<sup>14-15</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El tama&ntilde;o de los aneurismas coincidi&oacute; con los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos en un 84% para la angiotomograf&iacute;a y en 92% para la panangiograf&iacute;a. En la literatura la angiotomograf&iacute;a tiene dificultad para el diagn&oacute;stico de aneurismas menores de 3mm; sin embargo, en nuestro estudio no se incluyeron aneurismas de este tama&ntilde;o.<sup>13,</sup><sup>19</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las caracter&iacute;sticas del cuello concordaron en 84% por angiotomograf&iacute;a y en un 92% por angiograf&iacute;a; sin embargo, algunos informes mencionan que las caracter&iacute;sticas del cuello coinciden en 100% con lo encontrado en la cirug&iacute;a, resultado que no se obtuvo en este estudio.<sup>16&#150;17</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para determinar la relaci&oacute;n de las arterias adyacentes con el aneurisma, la panangiograf&iacute;a tuvo mejores resultados (96%) que con la angiotomograf&iacute;a (89%).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En el 76% de los casos se logr&oacute; establecer la presencia o ausencia de trombos o calcificaciones en el aneurisma mediante angiotomograf&iacute;a y por angiograf&iacute;a se determinaron estos datos en 84%, sin embargo, en algunos informes mencionan la identificaci&oacute;n de trombos o calcificaciones en el 100%.<sup>17-18</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La orientaci&oacute;n del aneurisma en ambos estudios de imagen fue de 100% en relaci&oacute;n a los hallazgos quir&uacute;rgicos.<sup>17</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Conclusiones</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la panangiograf&iacute;a cerebral no es el estudio ideal para el diagn&oacute;stico de los aneurismas intracraneales. Actualmente en varios centros hospitalarios de otros pa&iacute;ses, la angiotomograf&iacute;a es considerada como el est&aacute;ndar de oro para el diagn&oacute;stico de los aneurismas.<sup>20,</sup><sup>21</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La disponibilidad de la angiotomograf&iacute;a 3D deber&iacute;a incrementarse ya que s&oacute;lo se pudo realizar este estudio en menos de 50% de los pacientes que llegaron al Servicio de Neurocirug&iacute;a con diagn&oacute;stico de aneurisma.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las ventajas de la angiotomograf&iacute;a sobre la panangiograf&iacute;a son las siguientes:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; La angiotomograf&iacute;a es un estudio no invasivo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tiene menos riesgos de complicaciones.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Se realiza m&aacute;s r&aacute;pido.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Requiere menos recursos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; No es doloroso para el paciente.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; En la mayor&iacute;a no requiere sedaci&oacute;n.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Puede realizarse en pacientes cr&iacute;ticos o pacientes inestables.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Permite al neurocirujano una visi&oacute;n tridimensional de la lesi&oacute;n, as&iacute; como la visualizaci&oacute;n de estructuras &oacute;seas vecinas al aneurisma.<sup>20,</sup><sup>26</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Son tan espor&aacute;dicas las complicaciones con la realizaci&oacute;n de la angiotomograf&iacute;a que no se tienen cifras estad&iacute;sticas.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La panangiograf&iacute;a se ha asociado con 0.3 a 0.8% de complicaciones serias no neurol&oacute;gicas, 0.5 a 2.3% de complicaciones neurol&oacute;gicas transitorias y 0.1 a 0.5% de complicaciones neurol&oacute;gicas permanentes.<sup>22,23,</sup><sup>24</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En un estudio se report&oacute; 2.6% de resangrados durante las primeras seis horas de la hemorragia subaracnoidea inicial.<sup>25</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio realizado en el Hospital de Especialidades Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional La Raza, son muy parecidos a los reportados en la literatura, sin embargo existen algunos detalles que se deben mejorar como son definir mejor por imagen las caracter&iacute;sticas del cuello del aneurisma, ya que fue una de las variables donde la angiotomograf&iacute;a tuvo un porcentaje m&aacute;s bajo de efectividad.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En el servicio de radiodiagn&oacute;stico de nuestro hospital se inici&oacute; la realizaci&oacute;n de las angiotomograf&iacute;as para el diagn&oacute;stico de aneurismas intracraneales en el a&ntilde;o 2000.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Toda nueva tecnolog&iacute;a tiene un seguimiento: la fase inicial, que corresponde a la creaci&oacute;n y desarrollo de la nueva tecnolog&iacute;a; la siguiente fase es evaluar la validez de la nueva tecnolog&iacute;a en comparaci&oacute;n con la tecnolog&iacute;a ya aceptada como "est&aacute;ndar de oro" y la tercera fase que es la de transici&oacute;n donde la nueva tecnolog&iacute;a remplazar&iacute;a a la tecnolog&iacute;a anterior.<sup>20</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Por los resultados obtenidos en este estudio en el diagn&oacute;stico y en la descripci&oacute;n de las caracter&iacute;sticas de los aneurismas, consideramos que en un futuro no muy lejano, en nuestro medio hospitalario, el estudio angiotomogr&aacute;fico ser&aacute; el de elecci&oacute;n para el diagn&oacute;stico de los aneurismas cerebrales, lo que permitir&aacute; un tratamiento temprano de los mismos, disminuyendo su tiempo de espera y la morbimortalidad relacionada con la angiograf&iacute;a de sustracci&oacute;n digital.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1.<b> Matsumoto M, Sato M, Nakano M, Endo Y, Watanabe Y, et al. </b>Three dimensional computerized tomography angiography&#150;guided surgery of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2001; 94:718&#150;27.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=3840291&pid=S0016-3813200500040000500001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2.<b> Anderson G, Steinke D, Petruck K, Ashforth R, Findlay M. </b>Computed tomographic angiography versus digital substrachtion angiography for the diagnosis and early treatment of ruptured  intracranial aneurisms. 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