<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2954-3835</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cardiovascular and metabolic science]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cardiovasc. metab. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2954-3835</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2954-38352021000300149</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35366/101309</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The role of vitamin D and cardiovascular risk in COVID-19 patients]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El papel de la vitamina D y el riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con COVID-19]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purnama Dewi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kusuma Wardhani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Louisa Fadjri]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purnama Dewi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iswanto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrianto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Airlangga University Faculty of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Surabaya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Indonesia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Duta Wacana Christian University Faculty of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Yogyakarta ]]></addr-line>
<country>Indonesia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Surabaya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Indonesia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Surabaya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Indonesia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>149</fpage>
<lpage>156</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2954-38352021000300149&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2954-38352021000300149&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2954-38352021000300149&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency has long been associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease. It also thought to play a role in the severity of COVID-19 patients. A serum concentration of 25(OH) D &lt; 50 nmol/L (vitamin D deficiency) is found in patient with severe COVID-19 manifestation requiring intensive care. These patients are thought to stem from an uncontrolled complex immune response. The role of vitamin D in the COVID-19 infection reaction is by supporting antimicrobial peptides response in the respiratory epithelium and reducing inflammatory reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it can reduce the severity of COVID-19 infection. Vitamin D has also involved in several cardiovascular diseases that could increase the severity of COVID-19 infection; i.e., hypertension, lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Vitamin D affects endothelial cell function, thus regulating vasodilatation of dependent endothelial cells. It can prevent atherosclerosis and vascular calcification, which COVID-19 patients are at an increased risk. It also reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has an anti-remodelling effect to reducing the fatality risk of obesity and heart failure among COVID-19 patients. Understanding the importance of avoiding vitamin D deficiency, the fulfilment of daily intake should be taken into account. The recommended daily dose of vitamin D is 200 IU per day for those aged &lt; 50 years, 400 IU per day for those aged 50-70 years and 600 IU for individuals aged &gt; 70 years. It is estimated that for every 100 IU of vitamin D, the 25(OH)D level increases by 2.5 nmol/L.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La deficiencia de vitamina D se ha asociado durante mucho tiempo con la incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares. También se cree que juega un papel en la gravedad de los pacientes con COVID-19. Se encuentra una concentración sérica de 25(OH)D &lt; 50 nmol/L (deficiencia de vitamina D) en pacientes con manifestaciones graves de COVID-19 que requieren cuidados intensivos. Se cree que estos pacientes provienen de una respuesta inmune compleja no controlada. El papel de la vitamina D en la reacción de infección por COVID-19 es el apoyo a la respuesta de los péptidos antimicrobianos en el epitelio respiratorio y la reducción de las reacciones inflamatorias a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Por lo tanto, puede reducir la gravedad de la infección por COVID-19. La vitamina D también se ha involucrado en varias enfermedades cardiovasculares que podrían aumentar la gravedad de la infección por COVID-19; es decir, hipertensión, metabolismo de lípidos, aterosclerosis e insuficiencia cardiaca. La vitamina D afecta la función de las células endoteliales, regulando así la vasodilatación de las células endoteliales dependientes. Puede prevenir la aterosclerosis y la calcificación vascular, a lo que los pacientes con COVID-19 tienen un mayor riesgo. También reduce las citocinas proinflamatorias, que tiene un efecto anti-remodelador para reducir el riesgo de muerte por obesidad e insuficiencia cardiaca entre los pacientes con COVID-19. Entendiendo la importancia de evitar la deficiencia de vitamina D, se debe tener en cuenta el cumplimiento de la ingesta diaria. La dosis diaria recomendada de vitamina D es de 200 UI al día para los menores de 50 años, 400 UI al día para los de 50 a 70 años y 600 UI para los mayores de 70 años. Se estima que por cada 100 UI de vitamina D, el nivel de 25(OH)D aumenta en 2.5 nmol/L]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vitamin D deficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vitamin D and COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cardiovascular disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Deficiencia de vitamina D]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vitamina D y COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfermedad cardiovascular]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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