<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2663-371X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de historia de América]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. hist. Am.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2663-371X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2663-371X2025000100187</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35424/rha.170.2025.5863</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tras las pistas de los CRIA: ¿organización armada clandestina o invención del FBI?, 1976-1977]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[In the Footsteps of the CRIA: A Clandestine Armed Organization or an FBI Invention?, 1976-1977]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irizarry Vélez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cesamil Savat]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,The School of San Juan  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>170</numero>
<fpage>187</fpage>
<lpage>216</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2663-371X2025000100187&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2663-371X2025000100187&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2663-371X2025000100187&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de este escrito es demostrar que la organización clandestina llamada Comandos Revolucionarios Independentistas Armados (CRIA), fue una organización fantasma creada por la Oficina Federal de Investigación (FBI por sus sigla en inglés) para justificar sus acciones represivas en contra del movimiento independentista en Puerto Rico. Dada la negativa de esta agencia a desclasificar muchos de sus documentos que datan del periodo de 1960 al 1980, se hizo un análisis comparativo de los escritos y la forma de operar los CRIA, además de la forma en que el FBI aplicó prácticas de terrorismo de Estado a través de sus acciones de inteligencia agresiva. Precisamente fue posible argumentar que las operaciones de los CRIA y sus comunicados no beneficiaron a la lucha por la independencia de Puerto Rico de los Estados Unidos de América, sino a las necesidades del FBI en un periodo en que se encontraban bajo una fuerte fiscalización del gobierno estadounidense. El estudio realizado es de suma importancia ya que esta organización no ha sido trabajada por la historiografía puertorriqueña. Tampoco es mencionada por las pocas entrevistas que se han publicado de los prisioneros políticos de la época. Precisamente, aparte de la literatura disponible sobre el tema de la lucha clandestina en Puerto Rico, la fuente primaria utilizada para este artículo fue una compilación de documentos desclasificados del FBI sobre los CRIA, la cual aparece en su archivo digital bajo el nombre de Daniel Patrick Moynihan 02 of 02 por razones que aún faltan por investigarse.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate that the clandestine organization known as the Armed Revolutionary Independent Commandos (CRIA) was a phantom organization created by the FBI to justify its repressive actions against the independence movement in Puerto Rico. Given the Federal Buereau of Investigation (FBI)&#8217;s refusal to declassify many of its documents from the 1960s to the 1980s, a comparative analysis was conducted of the CRIA&#8217;s writings and modus operandi, as well as the FBI&#8217;s application of state terrorism practices through its aggressive intelligence actions. Specifically, it was possible to argue that the operations of the CRIA and its communiqués did not benefit the struggle for Puerto Rico&#8217;s independence from the United States, but rather served the needs of the FBI at a time when it was under intense scrutiny from the U.S. government. This study is of great importance because this organization has not been explored by Puerto Rican historiography. It is also not mentioned in the few interviews published of political prisoners from that era. Aside from the available literature on the subject of clandestine struggle in Puerto Rico, the primary source used for this article was a compilation of declassified FBI documents on the CRIA, which appears in its digital archive under the name Daniel Patrick Moynihan 02 of 02 for reasons that still need to be investigated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CRIA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[FBI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lucha armada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Puerto Rico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[independencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PSP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CRIA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[FBI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[armed fight]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Puerto Rico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Independence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PSP]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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