<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2663-371X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de historia de América]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. hist. Am.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2663-371X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2663-371X2025000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35424/rha.170.2025.5810</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A Guerra de Secessão no Atlântico Sul ou Quando os Estados Unidos e o Império do Brasil entram em crise diplomática no século XIX]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Civil War in the South Atlantic or When the United States and the Empire of Brazil enter into a diplomatic crisis in the 19th century]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La Guerra Civil en el Atlántico Sur o Cuando Estados Unidos y el Imperio de Brasil entraron en crisis diplomática en el siglo XIX]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santana de Araújo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Piauí  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Teresina Piauí]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>170</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>43</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2663-371X2025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2663-371X2025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2663-371X2025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O presente artigo pretende apresentar uma narrativa sobre duas significativas operações navais ocorridas em mar territorial brasileiro entre os anos de 1861 e 1864, protagonizadas no porto da cidade de São Luís, na província do Maranhão, e no porto da cidade de Salvador, na província da Bahia, por navios das marinhas da União e Confederada, então em guerra. Esta pesquisa encontra-se em processo de construção, mas permiti-nos observar para além dos embates alguns pontos, entre eles o desenvolvimento da política internacional do Brasil frente a violação das regras internacionais de neutralidade; a ameaça de sua soberania e a aplicação de seu poder naval como elemento intimidador dos embates entre os estados contendores. Quando a guerra civil nos Estados Unidos da América se iniciou, em 1861, poucas pessoas poderiam dimensionar a extensão das operações militares em terra, mas muito mais do que isso, pouco se poderia imaginar sobre a magnitude dos teatros de operações em que as marinhas dos estados Confederados e da União se defrontariam ao largo do Atlântico. A extensão dessas operações e o impacto na construção das relações internacionais do Brasil em relação aos contendores é algo ainda relativamente desconhecido, pouco trabalhado e discutido a partir de uma dimensão sul-americana, o que, por si só, já demonstra uma grande relevância. A partir de um corpo documental recém-acessado, entre os quais, os relatórios de presidentes das províncias envolvidas e os relatórios do Ministério dos Negócios do exterior do Império, completam o repertório de fonte, os papeis dos oficiais das Marinhas Confederada e da União. O suporte bibliográfico que, juntamente com escopo de documentos a respeito da guerra naval travada à época, tem nos permitido cartografar as ações das forças envolvidas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article aims to present a narrative about two significant naval operations that took place in the Brazilian territorial sea between the years 1861 and 1864, carried out in the port of the city of São Luís in the province of Maranhão and in the port of the city of Salvador in the province of Bahia by ships of the Union and Confederate navies, then at war. This research is in the process of being constructed, but it allows us to observe some points beyond the conflicts, including the development of Brazil&#8217;s international policy in the face of violations of international neutrality rules; the threat to its sovereignty and the application of its naval power as an intimidating element in clashes between contending states. When the civil war in the United States of America began in 1861, few people could estimate the extent of military operations on land, but much more than that, little could be imagined about the magnitude of the theaters of operations in which the navies of the Confederate states and the Union would face each other off the Atlantic. The extent of these operations and the impact on the construction of Brazil&#8217;s international relations in relation to the contenders, is something still relatively unknown and little worked on and discussed from a South American dimension, which in itself already demonstrates great relevance. Based on a recently accessed body of documents, including the reports of presidents of the provinces involved and reports from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Empire, the source repertoire is completed by the roles of the officers of the Confederate and Union Navies. The bibliographical support that, with a set of documents related to the naval war fought at the time, has allowed us to map the actions of the forces involved.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una narrativa acerca de importantes operaciones navales que tuvieron lugar en el mar territorial brasileño entre los años 1861 y 1864, realizadas en el puerto de la ciudad de São Luís en la provincia de Maranhão y en el puerto de la ciudad de Salvador, en la provincia de Bahía, por barcos de las armadas de la Unión y la Confederación, entonces en guerra. Esta investigación está en proceso de construcción, no obstante, permite observar algunos puntos más allá de los conflictos, incluido el desarrollo de la política internacional de Brasil frente a violaciones de las reglas de neutralidad internacional; la amenaza a su soberanía y la aplicación de su poder naval como elemento intimidatorio en los enfrentamientos entre estados contendientes. Cuando comenzó la guerra civil en los Estados Unidos de América en 1861, pocas personas podían estimar el alcance de las operaciones militares en tierra. Además, nadie podría haber anticipado la magnitud de los teatros de operaciones donde las armadas de los Estados Confederados y La Unión se enfrentaría en el Atlántico. El alcance de estas operaciones y el impacto en la construcción de las relaciones internacionales de Brasil en concordancia con los contendientes es algo aun relativamente desconocido, poco trabajado y discutido desde una dimensión sudamericana, lo que de por sí ya demuestra gran relevancia. Basado en un conjunto de documentos al que se ha accedido recientemente, incluidos los informes de los presidentes de las provincias involucradas y los informes del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores del Imperio, el repertorio de fuentes se completa con los roles de los oficiales de las Armadas Confederada y de la Unión. El sustento bibliográfico que, con un conjunto de documentos relativos a la guerra naval librada en la época, ha permitido mapear el accionar de las fuerzas involucradas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[União]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Confederados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Guerra Naval]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Império do Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Atlântico Sul]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Diplomacia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Union]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Confederates]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Naval Warfare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Empire of Brazil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[South Atlantic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Diplomacy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Unión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Confederados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Batalla naval]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Imperio de Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Atlántico Sur]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diplomacia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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