<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2663-371X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de historia de América]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. hist. Am.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2663-371X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2663-371X2021000200215</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35424/rha.161.2021.855</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bittersweet solidarity: Cuba, Sugar, and the Soviet bloc]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Solidaridad amarga: Cuba, el azúcar y el bloque soviético]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yordanov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Radoslav]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Harvard University Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cambridge MA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>161</numero>
<fpage>215</fpage>
<lpage>240</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2663-371X2021000200215&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2663-371X2021000200215&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2663-371X2021000200215&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper traces the complex sugar trade between Cuba and the East European Socialist states (the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Hungary) from the Cuban revolution in 1959 until the dissolution of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in 1991. To Cuba, selling its sugar to the Socialist states at above-world market prices was an expression of East European states&#8217; socialist solidarity. To the bloc states, it was a form of economic aid to Cuba. This formulation not only went against the preferred form of exchange within the CMEA, namely cooperation based on mutual interest but also incensed the Cubans who felt the revolution was entitled to the support of all Socialist states from Berlin to Moscow. Amid this complicated relationship, the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev posed a serious challenge to Cuba, which was unprepared to face the free market. The result was a loss of foreign markets and a severe domestic crisis known as the Special Period. This work seeks to provide a new reading of the ebb and flow between Cuba and its Socialist trading partners, relying on the views expressed in the candid reports of the East European diplomats and experts, who were involved in the day-to-day managing of their respective states&#8217; economic relations with the Caribbean nation. It is based on original research in foreign ministry, party, and security services archives of the East European states. It also utilizes primary material originating from the Cuban foreign ministry.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo traza el complejo comercio de azúcar entre Cuba y los estados socialistas de Europa del Este (República Democrática Alemana, Polonia, Checoslovaquia, Bulgaria y Hungría) desde la revolución cubana en 1959 hasta la disolución del Consejo de Asistencia Económica Mutua (CAME) en 1991. Para Cuba, vender su azúcar a los estados socialistas a precios superiores a los del mercado mundial fue una expresión de la solidaridad socialista de los estados de Europa del Este. Para los estados del bloque, fue una forma de ayuda económica a Cuba. Esta formulación no solo iba en contra de la forma preferida de intercambio dentro del CAME, a saber, la cooperación basada en el interés mutuo, sino que también enfureció a los cubanos que sentían que la revolución tenía derecho al apoyo de todos los estados socialistas desde Berlín a Moscú. En medio de esta complicada relación, las reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev plantearon un serio desafío para Cuba, que no estaba preparada para enfrentar el libre mercado. El resultado fue una pérdida de mercados externos y una grave crisis interna conocida como Período Especial. Este articulo busca brindar una nueva lectura del flujo y reflujo entre Cuba y sus socios comerciales socialistas, apoyándose en las opiniones expresadas en los informes francos de los diplomáticos y expertos de Europa del Este, quienes estuvieron involucrados en la gestión diaria de las relaciones económicas de sus respectivos estados con la nación caribeña. Se basa en una investigación original en los archivos del Ministerios de Relaciones Exteriores, del Partidos y de los servicios de seguridad de los estados de Europa del Este. También utiliza material primario proveniente del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Eastern Europe]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CMEA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Soviet Union]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sugar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Europa del Este]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CMEA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Unión Soviética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[azúcar]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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