<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-9190</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista alergia México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. alerg. Méx.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-9190</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio Mexicano de Inmunología Clínica y Alergia A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-91902020000400381</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29262/ram.v67i4.854</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Pertinencia e impertinencia de los gráficos en la investigación clínica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The relevance and irrelevance of charts in clinical research]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivonne]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Noguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Moisés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lino]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ureña-Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kingston Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Coordinación de Investigación en Salud División de Desarrollo de la Investigación]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Hospital de Especialidades]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Unidad de Medicina Familiar 52 ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Estado de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Dr. Ramón de la Fuente Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>381</fpage>
<lpage>396</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-91902020000400381&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-91902020000400381&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-91902020000400381&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los gráficos constituyen una ayuda visual que usan los artículos para resaltar los resultados de una investigación. Estos permiten ilustrar los resultados con el fin de hacerlos más claros. Los gráficos, al igual que las pruebas estadísticas, se seleccionan a partir del objetivo del estudio, de los tipos de variable y de los análisis estadísticos que se desee ilustrar. Algunos de los gráficos más usados en la práctica clínica son los histogramas de frecuencia que ilustran las variables cualitativas o frecuencias, los gráficos de error se usan para variables cuantitativas con distribución normal, el gráfico de cajas o gráfico de violín para variables cuantitativas de libre distribución y las curvas de supervivencia para las variables que incluyen la variable tiempo/persona. Estos mismos gráficos pueden ser usados para ilustrar las comparaciones entre maniobras y desenlace dependiendo del tipo de variable que se analice. Cuando se comparan dos grupos y la variable dependiente es dicotómica se usan gráficos de bosque. Para los modelos multivariados los gráficos dependen del tipo de análisis, en el caso de la regresión logística se utilizan gráficos de árbol y para la regresión lineal, de dispersión; y para los riesgos proporcionales de Cox, gráficos de supervivencia. Si bien los gráficos son de gran utilidad, mal utilizados pueden mostrar diferencias donde no las hay, provocando una errónea interpretación de los estudios. En este artículo complementaremos con ejemplos los temas abordados con anterioridad en los artículos de esta misma serie.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Charts are a visual aid that is used in articles in order to highlight the results of an investigation. They allow illustrating the results with the purpose of making them clearer. Charts, just like statistical tests, are selected based on the objective of the study, the types of variable, and the statistical analyzes to be illustrated. Some of the most commonly used charts in clinical practice are frequency histograms, which illustrate qualitative variables or frequencies; also error charts, that are used for normally distributed quantitative variables; box plots or violin plots are used for distribution-free quantitative variables, and survival curves are for variables that include the person-time variable. The aforementioned charts can be used to illustrate the comparisons between maneuvers and outcome depending on the type of variable that is being analyzed. When two groups are compared and the dependent variable is dichotomous, forest plots are used; for multivariate models, the chart depends on the type of analysis. As for logistic regression and linear regression, tree diagrams are used; and scatter plots are used for linear regression. Survival plots are used for Cox proportional hazards. Although charts can be very useful, if they are misused, they can show differences where there are none, which leads to a misinterpretation of the studies. In this article, we will use examples to complement the topics that were previously addressed in the articles of this series.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estadística]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gráficos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Métodos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Statistics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Charts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Methods]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villasís-Keever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sesgos en los estudios de pruebas de diagnóstico: implicación en la estimación de la sensibilidad y especificidad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>165-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villasís-Keever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda-Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estadística descriptiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>397-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda-Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villasís-Keever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El protocolo de investigación VI: cómo elegir la prueba estadística adecuada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>364-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirando-Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villasís-Keever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El protocolo de investigación VI: cómo elegir la prueba estadística adecuada. Estadística inferencial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>364-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talavera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigación clínica IV. Pertinencia de la prueba estadística]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>401-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peacock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peacock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistis]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<edition>Primera</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talavera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigación clínica XXI. Del juicio clínico al análisis de supervivencia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>308-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talavera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De vuelta a la clínica. Métodos I. Diseños de investigación. Mayor calidad de información, mayor certeza a la respuesta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gac Med Mex.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>155</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>399-405</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlación: no toda correlación implica causalidad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>354-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarreal-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monge-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OP.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of vitamin D serum levels in asthmatic adults and their relationship with asthma control]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ver Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>362-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talavera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigación clínica XVI. Diferencias de medianas con la U de Mann-Whitney]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>414-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villasís-Keever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda-Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escamilla-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic review and meta-analysis as a support tools for research and clinical practice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Alerg Mex.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>62-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regression models and life-tables]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J R Statist Soc B.]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>187-220</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monmonier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How to lie with maps]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[EE. UU. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tufte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The visual display of quantitative information]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[EE. UU. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[GraphicsPress]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Satterthwaite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How deceptive are deceptive visualizations? An empirical analysis of common distortion techniques]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 33rdAnnual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>EE. UU </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira-Hermosillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios-Butchard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talavera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Height and weight progression patterns in Mexican children aged between 6 and 12 years and differences with Ramos-Galván growth charts 40 yearslater]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gac Med Mex.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>156</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>117-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
