<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-8402</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ensayos. Revista de economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ens. Rev. econ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-8402</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, a través de la Facultad de Economía con la colaboración del Centro de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-84022022000200169</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29105/ensayos41.2-3</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Competencia oligopólica y comercio internacional: examinando la calidad de productos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Oligopolistic Competition and International Trade: Examining Product Quality]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betancourt Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michel Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>169</fpage>
<lpage>192</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-84022022000200169&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-84022022000200169&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-84022022000200169&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este documento, se propone examinar teóricamente el comercio de la calidad de productos con un marco de competencia oligopólica a la Hotelling, en lugar de un marco de competencia monopolística o competencia perfecta como es el estándar en la literatura del comercio internacional. Este marco permite identificar la calidad de los productos, al tiempo que captura simultáneamente la preferencia por la variedad y la preferencia por la calidad de los consumidores. Los resultados teóricos permiten construir dos índices que capturan la calidad a través de los precios y de las cantidades. Usando datos altamente desagregados a nivel producto, se prueban los índices y se presentan resultados sobre el comercio de la calidad, en productos y países seleccionados. Por ejemplo, México y Francia exportan calidad en el caso de los vinos, sin embargo, los indicadores muestran que los vinos de Francia poseen mayor calidad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper proposes to theoretically examine products&#8217; quality trade with an oligopolistic competition framework a la Hotelling rather than a monopolistic competition or perfect competition framework as is standard in international trade literature. This framework makes it possible to identify the quality of products while simultaneously capturing consumers' preference for variety and quality. The theoretical results allow the construction of two indices that capture quality through prices and quantities. The indices are tested using highly disaggregated data at the product level, and results on quality trade-in selected products and countries are presented. For example, Mexico and France export quality in the case of wines; however, the indicators show that French wines have higher quality.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[D43]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[L13]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[F12]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[F14]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Organización Industrial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Comercio Internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad de Productos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[D43]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[L13]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[F12]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[F14]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Industrial Organization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[International Trade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Product Quality]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aturupane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Djankov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoekman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between Eastern Europe and the European Union]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of World Economics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>62-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aydinonat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Köksal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explanatory value in context: the curious case of Hotelling&#8217;s location model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>879-910</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elliott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the Measurement of Product Quality in Intra-Industry Trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of World Economics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>142</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>476-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Semiorder Preferences and Price-Oriented Buyers in a Hotelling Model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>188</volume>
<page-range>394-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baldwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Zeros, quality, and space: trade theory and trade evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Journal: Microeconomics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>60-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belleflamme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multi-product firms and trade liberalization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<page-range>1271-318</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betancourt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tipo de cambio y organización industrial: un canal de transmisión]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Problemas Del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana De Economía]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>^sEspecial</numero>
<issue>^sEspecial</issue>
<supplement>Especial</supplement>
<page-range>85-110</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brodzicki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jurkiewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez-Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanis&#322;aw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patterns and determinants of the horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade of regions: panel analysis for Spain &amp; Poland]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>1533-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centre for Prospective Studies and International Information</collab>
<source><![CDATA[International Trade Database at the Product Level]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cie&#347;lik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wincenciak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intra-industry trade in differentiated and homogenous commodities: Brander and Krugman models unified]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>29-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costinot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Clare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade Theory with Numbers: Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gopinath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helpman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[K. Rogoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>197-261</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Comite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandenbussche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Verti-zontal differentiation in export markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>50-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Giovanni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levchenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Country Size, International Trade, and Aggregate Fluctuations in Granular Economies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1083-132</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiglitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>297-308</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eaton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grossman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal Trade and Industrial Policy under Oligopoly]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>383-406</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Commercial policy and intra-industry trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>495-511</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Export Superstars]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1023-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gabaix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Granular Origins of Aggregate Fluctuations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>733-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenaway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade: A Cross-Industry Analysis for the United Kingdom]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>433</numero>
<issue>433</issue>
<page-range>1505-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okubo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New Aspects of Intra-industry Trade in EU Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The World Economy]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1126-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khandelwal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade liberalization and embedded institutional reform: evidence from Chinese exporters]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2169-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>[23]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sequential Quality and Price Competition in Hotelling Model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Theory and Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>143-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>[24]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krugman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition and International Trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>469-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>[25]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lancaster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intra-industry trade under perfect monopolistic competition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>151-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>[26]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trade and Industrial Policy under International Oligopoly]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>[27]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leahy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[When the threat is stronger than the execution: trade and welfare under oligopoly]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>[28]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Duc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taegi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade of Vertically Differentiated Products, Quality Improvement, and Welfare]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Seoul Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>99-119</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>[29]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burgess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quality competition, welfare, and regulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>153-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>[30]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ottaviano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Happy Few: The Internationalisation of European Firms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>135-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>[31]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1695-725</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>[32]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montefiori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial Competition for Quality in the Market for Hospital Care]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The European Journal of Health Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>131-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>[33]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukerji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panagariya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigating the composition of product-level specialization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>3-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>[34]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakanishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Essence of International Trade Theory]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Scientific]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>[35]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International trade in general oligopolistic equilibrium]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>669-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>[36]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pepall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Empirical Applications]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>[37]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Por qué cae la participación de los salarios en el ingreso total en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Unam]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>36</numero>
<issue>36</issue>
<page-range>3-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>[38]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Across-Product versus Within-Product Specialization in International Trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>647-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>[39]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intermediate imports, institutional environment, and export product quality upgrading: evidence from Chinese micro-level enterprises]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerging Markets Finance and Trade]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>400-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>[40]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>[41]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandenbussche]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quality in exports]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>[42]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yixue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shuai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Endogenous third-degree price discrimination in Hotelling model with elastic demand]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>125-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>[43]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Ricardian model of international trade with oligopolistic competition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of International Trade &amp; Economic Development]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>499-515</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
