<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2023000401103</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20430/ete.v90i360.2117</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La falsa promesa y el amargo fruto del neoliberalismo: desarraigo político y económico, transformación cultural y el auge de la política protofascista]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The false promise and bitter fruit of neoliberalism: Political economic disembedding, cultural transformation, and the rise of proto-fascist politics]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Economics for Democratic and Open Societies  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Washington D. C.]]></addr-line>
<country>U.S.A.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>360</numero>
<fpage>1103</fpage>
<lpage>1138</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2023000401103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2023000401103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2023000401103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El neoliberalismo es una filosofía económica política que parte de dos afirmaciones: una económica y otra política. La económica es que el libre mercado del laissez faire es la mejor manera de organizar la actividad económica, pues genera resultados eficientes que maximizan el bienestar. La política es que las disposiciones económicas de libre mercado promueven la libertad individual. Este artículo argumenta que ambas afirmaciones son problemáticas. La evidencia del experimento de 40 años que comenzó en 1980 muestra que el neoliberalismo ha socavado la prosperidad compartida y ha desatado fuerzas no liberales que amenazan la libertad. El artículo marca la diferencia entre el primer giro político, en el que se estableció la hegemonía política neoliberal, y el segundo, hacia el protofascismo que ahora experimentamos. Este último está siendo impulsado por una serie de factores que crean una demanda por dicho protofascismo y debilitan las defensas contra las ideas de ultraderecha. Esos factores incluyen el desarraigo socioeconómico, la destrucción institucional y el desarraigo político, el aumento de la desigualdad económica que inclina el poder político, el cambio de las actitudes hacia el gobierno y la gobernanza, la transformación de la identidad económica y la mutación cultural que celebra el egoísmo sociópata. La captura de la política de centro-izquierda por parte de la &#8220;Tercera Vía&#8221; significa que las élites liberales ocupan el lugar político que deberían tener los verdaderos opositores al neoliberalismo. Tales élites obstruyen la política necesaria para revertir las causas profundas de la desviación hacia el protofascismo. Irónicamente, eso las convierte en un verdadero peligro.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Neoliberalism is a political-economic philosophy that consists of two claims: one economic and the other political. The economic claim is: that free market laissez faire economies are the best way to organize economic activity as they generate efficient outcomes that maximize well-being. The political claim is: that free market economic arrangements promote individual liberty. This paper argues both claims are problematic. The evidence from the forty-year experiment that began in 1980 shows neoliberalism has undercut shared prosperity and unleashed illiberal forces that threaten liberty. The paper distinguishes between the first political turn which saw the establishment of neoliberal political hegemony, and the second one toward proto-fascism that we are now experiencing. The second turn is being driven by a collection of factors that have created a demand for proto-fascism and weakened the defenses against alt-right ideas. Those factors include socio-economic disembedding, institutional destruction and political disembedding, increased economic inequality that tilts political power, an alteration in attitudes to government and governance, transformation of economic identity, and a cultural transformation that celebrates sociopathic egotism. The Third Way&#8217;s capture of center-left politics means liberal elites occupy the political place that should be held by true opponents of neoliberalism. Those liberal elites obstruct the politics needed to reverse the deep causes of the drift to proto-fascism. Ironically, that makes those elites a real danger.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neoliberalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[proto-fascism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[disembedding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[culture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neoliberalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[protofascismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarraigo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[poder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cultura]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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