<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2019000401033</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20430/ete.v86i344.799</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Corrupción para los ricos y los pobres en México: ¿Quién la soporta aún más?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Corruption for the rich and the poor in Mexico: Who supports it even more?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Carrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas Aplicadas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>344</numero>
<fpage>1033</fpage>
<lpage>1055</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2019000401033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2019000401033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2019000401033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen ¿Quién es el más afectado por la corrupción, el ciudadano rico o el pobre? ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de validar las actividades corruptas, los ricos o los pobres? Una pregunta fundamental que enfrenta un ciudadano es si acepta coexistir en un sistema corrupto o no; en otras palabras, si las personas tuvieran una opción para elegir entre un Estado corrupto y un Estado honesto, ¿cuál deberían sostener? Afirmamos que en una sociedad caracterizada por habitantes con diferentes niveles de ingresos la respuesta a la pregunta puede diferir entre los ricos y los pobres. Mostramos que con los costos significativos de la corrupción la parte pobre de la sociedad tiende a sufrir más que la rica en relación con un sistema honesto en el que los funcionarios públicos son dignos. Al aplicar la técnica de mínimos cuadrados robustos para México durante el periodo de 1996 a 2016, se muestra que: 1) en México los ricos soportan/gustan/desean/coadyuvan más un sistema corrupto; 2) los pobres se ven muy afectados por un sistema corrupto; 3) el gobierno y sus políticas no tienen efecto alguno sobre el ingreso de los ricos, mientras que para los pobres, en tanto mejor o de mayor calidad sean las políticas públicas del gobierno, menos pobres serán los ciudadanos, y 4) la desigualdad económica, medida por el índice de Gini, afecta en mayor medida a los pobres en comparación con los ricos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Who is the most affected by corruption, the rich citizen or the poor? Who is more likely to validate corrupt activities, the rich or the poor? A fundamental question that the members of a society face is whether they would like to live in a corrupt system. In other words, if people had an option between choosing a corrupt State over an honest State, which one they should go for? We claim that in a society characterized by inhabitants with varying levels of income, the answer to the question may differ between the rich and the poor. We show that with significant costs of corruption, the poorer section of the society tends to suffer more than the richer one concerning the honest system where public officials are honest. By applying the robust least squares technique, for Mexico over the 1996-2016 period, it is shown that: 1) in Mexico the rich support/like/want/contribute more to a corrupt system; 2) the poor are very affected by a corrupt system; 3) the government and its policies have no effect on the income of the rich, while for the poor, if the government&#8217;s policies are of better or higher quality, then the less poor they will be, and 4) economic inequality, measured by the Gini index, affects the poor more than the rich.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comportamiento corrupto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad económica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[servidores públicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[valores atípicos (outliers) en econometría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Corrupt behavior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[public servers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[outliers in econometrics]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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