<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2009000200513</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Kerala, equidad y agricultura bloqueada]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pipitone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>302</numero>
<fpage>513</fpage>
<lpage>531</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2009000200513&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2009000200513&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2009000200513&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En la bibliografía internacional Kerala ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como un &#8220;modelo&#8221; de relativo bienestar a pesar de su bajo crecimiento económico. Ahora que la situación se ha alterado con una clara aceleración económica, surgen nuevas inquietudes: la calidad de un crecimiento que no ha podido activar un fuerte empuje productivo ni en la agricultura ni en la industria. Se analizan aquí las razones del bloqueo agrícola que desde hace años condiciona negativamente el desempeño de una economía que sigue caracterizándose por un relativamente alto bienestar (en el contexto indio) y, al mismo tiempo, un gran desempleo que sigue alimentando importantes flujos migratorios.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: In the international economic debate, the southern Indian state of Kerala has been considered during the last three decades as a &#8220;model&#8221; of relative social well being despite her low economic growth. In recent years the situation has changed with a strong economic acceleration that bear out a new concern: the quality and resilience of an economic growth without a durable impulse in agricultural or industrial or industrial production. We try to understand here the reasons for a long term agricultural stagnation that obstructs the balanced development of a regional economy linked to high unemployment rates and soaring emigration flows.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Kerala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[India]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agricultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calidad institucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desempleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[remesas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hindu Kingship and the Origin of Community: Religion, State and Society in Kerala, 1750-1850]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Modern Asian Studies]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>193</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chakraborty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Achin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kerala&#8217;s Changing Development Narratives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and Political Weekly]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>544</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheriyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Changes in the Mode of Labour Due to Shift in the Land Use Pattern]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>81</numero>
<issue>81</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thiruvananthapuram ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Boundaries of Hindu Law: Tradition, Custom and Politics in Medieval Kerala]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Turín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CESMEO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eapen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mridul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rural Industrialization in Kerala: Re-examining the Issue of Rural Growth Linkages]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>348</numero>
<issue>348</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thiruvananthapuram ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre for Development Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Land Reform versus Inequality in Nadur Village, Kerala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Anthropological Research]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gough]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Contributions to Indian Sociology]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrick]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Labor of Development (Workers and the Transformation of Capitalism in Kerala, India)]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ithaca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornell University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>HIMANSHU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wages in Rural India: Sources, Trends and Comparability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian Journal of Labour Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeromi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Reforms in Kerala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and Political Weekly]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kankan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pillai N.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Development as a Right to Freedom]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>361</numero>
<issue>361</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Trivandrum ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre for Development Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mathew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Caste-Class Formations (A Case Study of Kerala)]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Delhi ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[B. R. Publ. Corporation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Prema]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colonialism and Ethnogenesis: A Study of Kerala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theory and Society]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemercinier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Genevieve]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Religion and Ideology in Kerala]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Trivandrum ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[S. B Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In Spite of Gods]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Doubleday]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ludden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Agrarian History of South Asia]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahesh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Labour Mobility in Rural Areas: A Village Level Study]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>48</numero>
<issue>48</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thiruvananthapuram ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre for Development Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vineeta]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lease Farming in Kerala: Findings from Micro Level Studies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>378</numero>
<issue>378</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Trivandrum ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre for Development Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moolakkattu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Land Reforms and Peaceful Change in Kerala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anit N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuroda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yoshimi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Productivity Growth in Indian Agriculture: Is There Evidence of Convergence Across States?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural Economics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramakumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agrarian Distress and Rural Livelihood]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<numero>293</numero>
<issue>293</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Trivandrum ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CDS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narayanan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[For and Against Grain Land Use: Politics of Rice in Kerala, India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Rural Management]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niranjan Rao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naryanan Nair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Change and Transformation in Rural South India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and Political Weekly]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nossiter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Communism in Kerala (A Study in Political Adaptation)]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oommen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[From Mobilization to Institutionalization. The Dynamics of Agrarian Movements in Twentieth Century Kerala]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bombay ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Popular Prakashan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panikkar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A History of Kerala, 1498-1801]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Annamalainagar ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Annamalai University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramakumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Action, Agrarian Change and the Standard of Living of Agricultural Workers: a Study of a Village in Kerala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Agrarian Change]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravallion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growth, Inequality and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Subrahmanian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Growth in the Regime of Reforms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and Political Weekly]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suresh Babu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kerala&#8217;s Growth Trajectory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and Political Weekly]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varghese K.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Writing Family Histories (Identity Construction among Syrian Cristian)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic and Political Weekly]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
