<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-6760</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Veterinaria México OA]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Veterinaria México OA]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-6760</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-67602020000200003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2020.2.562</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Production response in dairy cows milked two or three times a day: A meta-analysis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Álvaro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karla]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reta-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salinas-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Homero]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esmeralda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones. Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Matamoros Coahuila]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,South Dakota State University Dairy and Food Science Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Brookings SD]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lincoln University of Missouri Cooperative Extension and Research, Animal Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Jefferson City MO]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-67602020000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-67602020000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-67602020000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of two (2x) vs three (3x) times per day milking on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows. Fourteen scientific papers, containing production data from 16 trials, where dairy cows were milked 2x or 3x, were analysed using meta-analysis with fixed and random-effects with the R statistical program. The degree of heterogeneity and publication bias were measured with the I2 statistic and Begg's test, respectively. In addition, the meta-regression analysis explored other sources of heterogeneity for the response. The estimated effect size of 2x and 3x milkings was calculated for dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk composition. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk fat and protein yields showed substantial heterogeneity (I2&gt;50%). Whereas milk fat-percentage had moderate heterogeneity (I2&lt;50%), and milk protein had no (I2=0%) heterogeneity. The year of publication, trial duration, and cattle breed did not influence production response parameters to milking frequency. We found no evidence of publication bias for the parameters evaluated (Begg's test; P&gt;.05). Cows milked 2x produced less milk (2.23 kg/d), less milk fat (0.06 kg/d), and less milk protein (0.05 kg/d). In contrast, the fat percentage was lower (0.07 units) in 3x, compared with 2x milking frequency. There was no effect of milking frequency on DMI and milk protein percentage. In conclusion, milk production and milk fat and protein yields improves as milking frequency increase from 2x to 3x daily, without affecting DMI. The implementation of 3x milking frequency must consider dairy cow management, labor, and milking parlour infrastructure, particular to each dairy farm.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Milking frequency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Milk yield]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Milk composition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Heterogeneity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Effect size]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fixed yield responses to increased milking frequency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>1199-203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Economides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The effects of milking cows three times daily on milk yield, milk composition, and profitability compared to two times daily milking]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>3-12</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Agricultural Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sirohi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of milking frequency on feed intake, body weight and haemato-biochemical changes in crossbred cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J App Anim Res]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>63-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McBride]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duffield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeVries]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of milking frequency on behavior and productivity of lactating dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<page-range>6973-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DePeters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laben]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Three times a day milking: effects on milk production, reproductive efficiency, and udder health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>1441-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of milking frequency on the lactation performance and lactation curve of Holstein dairy cows in Iran]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Iranian J Appl Anim Sci]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>273-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McFadden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use it or lose it: Enhancing milk production efficiency by frequent milking of dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Anim Sci]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>27-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zangrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biondi-Zoccai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[London]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-analysis: pitfalls and hints]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Heart Lung Vessel]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>219-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biondi-Zoccai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Modena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A journey into clinical evidence: from case reports to mixed treatment comparisons]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>93-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Med Med]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>28-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Copeland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Milk and butterfatyields of Jersey cows as affected by frequency of milking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1934</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>815-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shrode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in milk production with age and milking frequency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1953</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>338-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>R Core Team</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A language and environment for statistical computing]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Vienna, Austria ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[R. Foundation for Statistical Computing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viechtbauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conducting meta-analyses in R with the Metafor package]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Stat Software]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Egger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Systematic reviews in health care. Meta-analysis in context]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BMJ Publishing Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabiee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duffield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dohoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Invited review: Use of meta-analysis in animal health and reproduction: Methods and applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<page-range>3545-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JPT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deeks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring inconsistencies in meta-analyses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>327</volume>
<page-range>557-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JPT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stat Med]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>1539-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sterne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harbord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Funnel plots in meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stata J]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>127-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Begg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazumdar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrics]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>1088-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fulton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Three times a day milking during the first half of lactation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<page-range>1941-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of milking cows three times daily]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Animal Science]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>197-201</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waterman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harmon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hemken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Langlois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Milking frequency as related to udder health and milk production]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>253-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kisier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loewenstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of milking frequency on productive and reproductive efficiencies of dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>732-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DePeters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acedo-Rico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Three or two times daily milking of older cows and first lactation cows for entire lactations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>123-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gisi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DePeters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pelissier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Three times daily milking of cows in California dairy herds]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>863-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lukes-Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of milking frequency and selection for milk yield on productive efficiency of Holstein cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>1603-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ely]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of milking frequency on DHI performance measures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<page-range>3526-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNamara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Mara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of milking frequency in early lactation on energy metabolism, milk production, and reproductive performance of dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Livest Sci]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<page-range>70-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CVC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporary alterations to postpartum milking frequency affect whole-lactation milk production and the energy status of pasture-grazed dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>6850-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friggens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vestergaard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingvartsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of energy density in the diet and milking frequency on plasma metabolites and hormones in early lactation dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Vet Med. A Physiol Pathol Clin Med]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>52-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Manipulation of milk secretion]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garnsworthy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrition and lactation in the dairy cow]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>3-14</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Tiptree ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anchor-Brendon]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soberon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lukas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Amburgh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capuco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Overton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of increased milking frequency on metabolism and mammary cell proliferation in Holstein dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>565-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stockdale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumgard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Baale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationships among international body condition scoring systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>3076-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bequette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douglass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The frequency of unilateral milking alters leucine metabolism and amino acid removal by the mammary gland of lactating goats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>162-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bar-Pelled]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruckental]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Voet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tagari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationship between frequent milking in early lactation and milk production of high producing dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>2726-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillerton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheatley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Milk yield and mammary function in dairy cows milked four times daily]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Res]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>285-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelwagen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of Milking Frequency on mammary functioning and shape of the lactation curve]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl</issue>
<supplement>Suppl</supplement>
<page-range>E204-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armstrong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Milking frequency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the Western Dairy Management Conference]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>79-84</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Las Vegas, Nevada ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational Researcher]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>3-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikolajewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komarova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-analytic methodology for basic research: A practical guide]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Physiol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molenaar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maqbool]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinn-Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelwagen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of milk production in dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>101-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capuco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mammary gland development and homeostasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Anim Biosci]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>179-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blatchford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faulkner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vernon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of long-term thrice-daily milking on mammary enzyme activity, cell population and milk yield in the goat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Animal Sci]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>533-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ollier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lacasse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of milking frequency and prolactin on milk production and expression of prolactin receptors in the mammary gland of dairy cows]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Animal Sci]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boutinaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[lollivier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruckmaier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lacasse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mammary cell activity and turnover in dairy cows treated with prolactin-release inhibitor quinagolide and milked once daily]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy sci]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<page-range>177-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delamaire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guinard-Flament]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Longer milking intervals alter mammary epithelial permeability and the udder's ability to extract nutrients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<page-range>2007-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Convey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Serum hormone concentrations in ruminants during mammary growth, lactogenesis, and lactation: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>905-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CANILEC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estadísticas del sector lácteo 2010-2018]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cámara Nacional de Industriales de la Leche]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nogueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic viability of the third milking in systems of production using closed-circuit mechanical milking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Ceres Viçosa]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>544-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caixeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bicalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A pilot study to determine the production and health benefits of milking visibly lame cows twice daily compared with three times daily]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Vet Res]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<page-range>233-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
