2448-654X 2448-654X S2448-654X2025000200104 10.24201/eaa.v60i2.e3000 Spain 00 08 2025 00 08 2025 60 2

2011 1999 235-66 2017 248 248 73-95 2013 2014 2014 2007 63 63 2017 Department of Statistics 1973 Department of Statistics 2001 Department of Statistics 2021 2010 2 1 1 1991 1993 2017 2021 2012 1-24 2021 1-11 2021 65-84 2015 2010 1996 9 2 2 51-77 1997 38 1 1 19-36 2013 80 202-4 2017 1979 2012 2016 3 1 1 1986 1990 2013 28 2 2 272-98 2021 10 4 4 536-43 2006 788-809 Ministry of Education 2023 1993 2021 2010 2021 159-78 2021 NHB 2021 2015 5 65-72 2019 Promote Mandarin Council 2021 2010 SGEM (Speak Good English Movement) 2024 2011 126 3 3 709-18 2016 2005 2 3 3 2020 17 2 2 152-73 2012 15 35-49 2017 2005 2 2 2 121-42 2009 9 97-114 2021 2010 85 85 2013 2013 22 1 1 31-54