<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-654X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios de Asia y África]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. Asia Áfr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-654X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-654X2025000100104</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/eaa.v60i1.e2549</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La significación de caminar cabeza abajo ( sxd) en la literatura funeraria egipcia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Meaning of Walking Upside Down ( sxd) in the Egyptian Funerary Literature]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonanno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Filosofía y Letras ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-654X2025000100104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-654X2025000100104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-654X2025000100104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Entre la multiplicidad de castigos en la Duat, la situación de los que aparecen en posición invertida tanto en los textos como en las representaciones es una de las más llamativas por cuanto no tiene un correlato con la realidad, como sí lo tienen la decapitación, la incineración de cuerpos o la inmovilización por sujeción. La variedad de castigos es amplia, pero por su característica, por las reiteradas menciones en los textos y por la diversidad de explicaciones que se han ensayado al respecto, la situación de estos sxd.w es particularmente interesante. Lo que este estudio se propone, además de un recorrido por los diferentes contextos funerarios en que se los cita, es explicar su significación para entender por qué era uno de los castigos más temidos por los condenados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Among the wide variety of punishments in the Duat, the situation of those appearing in an inverted position both in texts and representations is one of the most striking aspects because it does not have a correlation with reality as there is with decapitation, immolation, or physical restraints. The diversity of punishments is great but due to their nature, repeated mentions in the texts, and diversity of explanations proposed in this regard, the situation of these sxd.w is particularly interesting. The aim of this study is not only to explore the different funerary contexts in which they are cited, but also to explain their significance in order to understand why they were one of the most feared punishments by the damned.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Duat]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Amduat]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Osiris]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[creencias funerarias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Duat]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Amduat]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Re]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Osiris]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[funerary beliefs]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Friedrich]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pharao als Gott in den Unterweltsbücher des Neuen Reiches. Orbis Biblicus]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Friburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universitätsverlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ma&#8217;at. Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im Alten Äegypten]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nathalie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ennemis étrangers et malfaiteurs égyptiens. La signification du châtiment au pilori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin de l&#8217;Institut français d&#8217;archéologie orientale]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<page-range>33-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beinlich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horst]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Das Buch von Fayum. Zum religiösen Eigenverständnis einer äyptischen Landschaft]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wiesbaden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harrassowitz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Binder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susanne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Hereafter: Ancient Egyptian Beliefs with Special Reference to the Amduat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>7-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonanno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Apuntes para una historia de la Duat. Un acercamiento a la problemática de la complejización del espacio funerario en el Imperio Nuevo Egipcio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Bíblicos y Orientales]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonanno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Htmjt en los Textos de las Cavernas como espacio de disolución ontológica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Maracanan]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>149-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonanno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[kkw y kkw-zmAw. Un estudio del concepto de oscuridad en la Duat de los Libros del Más Allá del Reino Nuevo Egipcio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociedades Precapitalistas]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner-Traut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emma]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gelebte Mythen. Beiträge zum altägyptischen Mythos]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Darmstadt ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John Coleman]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Enigmatic Netherworld Books of the Solar-Osirian Unity]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Friburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Buck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriaan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Egyptian Coffin Texts]]></source>
<year>1935</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adolf]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grapow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hermann]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wörterbuch der Agyptischen Sprache]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Akademie Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herbin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[François René]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Le livre de parcourir l&#8217;éternité]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lovaina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Peeters]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nils]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reading the Amduat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>26-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nacht und Finsternís im Weltbild der alten Ägypter]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eberhard Karls Universität]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Altägyptische Höllenvorstellungen]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Akademie]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Band I : A-Ernte]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<page-range>994-5</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wiesbaden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harrassowitz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hornung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Idea into Image. Essays on Ancient Egyptians Thought]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Timken]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leahy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anthony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Death by Fire in Ancient Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>199-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucarelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Guardian-Demons of the Book of Dead]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>85-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manassa Darnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Colleen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Late Egyptian Underworld: Sarcophagi and Related Texts from the Nectanebid Period]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wiesbaden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harrassowitz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piankoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexandre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le livre des Quererts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin de l&#8217;Institut français d&#8217;archéologie orientale]]></source>
<year>1944</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>1-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bertha]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosalind]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. I. The Theban Necropolis]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Griffiths Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quirke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ancient Egyptian Religion]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[British Museum Pres]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert Kriech]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rößler-Köhler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ursula]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Jenseitsvorstellungen]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Band III: 1980, Horhekhenu-Megeb]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<page-range>252-67</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wiesbaden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harrassowitz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Traversing Eternity: Texts for the Afterlife from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szpakowska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kasia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Demons in the Dark: Nightmares and other Nocturnal Enemies in Ancient Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ancient Egyptian Demonology: Studies on the Boundaries between the Demonic and the Divine in Egyptian Magic]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>63-76</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lovaina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Peeters]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Werning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[und der Kopf des Atum - Kryptographie in den Jenseitskosmographien des Neuen Reiches]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Ständige Ägyptologen Konferenz]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Maguncia </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Westendorf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wolfhart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Das Ende der Unterwelt in der Amarnazeit oder: Die Erde als Klugel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Göttinger Miszellen]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>187</numero>
<issue>187</issue>
<page-range>101-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zandee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Death as an Enemy According to Ancient Egyptian Conceptions]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Leiden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
