<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-654X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios de Asia y África]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. Asia Áfr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-654X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-654X2016000100137</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[De la Constitución y las Constituciones en Egipto contemporáneo (2011-2014): análisis y reflexiones iniciales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[On the Constitution and the Constitutions in Contemporary Egypt (2011-2014): Analysis and Early Thoughts]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa D.F.]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>137</fpage>
<lpage>162</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-654X2016000100137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-654X2016000100137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-654X2016000100137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen A lo largo del proceso de insurrección popular iniciado en el país del Nilo en enero de 2011, tres textos constitucionales tuvieron vigencia; el último de ellos, promulgado en enero de 2014. Como uno de los resultados más importantes de la insurrección popular, este último texto refleja la ideología del movimiento y los objetivos de largo plazo que los insurrectos se propusieron alcanzar. En cuanto a la Constitución de 2014, debe resaltarse el contenido del artículo 227, que consagra el carácter &#8220;cohesivo&#8221; del texto constitucional y de sus partes, lo que puede ser la base para impedir reformas abruptas del documento, que debe mantener su unidad y principios originales a través del tiempo, sin caer en el inmovilismo. Y otro, el artículo 226, prevé impedir la reforma abusiva de la Constitución en favor de aquel que intente perpetuarse en el poder, como ocurrió en el pasado. Además, el gran objetivo de la búsqueda de la justicia social permea el texto en diversos artículos, como el 8, del 17 al 21 y el 23 (que establecen gastos porcentuales mínimos del producto nacional bruto para salud pública, 3%; educación básica, 4%; educación superior, 2%, e investigación científica, 1%), o el 27, que dice que el sistema económico debe favorecer la justicia social. En esta perspectiva destaca también el artículo 38, que establece los impuestos progresivos como un medio para lograr la justicia social, planteamiento que ha sido ya puesto en práctica recientemente. Además del sistema político semiparlamentario o semipresidencialista, los legisladores procuraron limitar el poder presidencial a través del contrapeso supervisor del recién creado Parlamento (artículo 102), decisión cuya funcionalidad deberá constatarse en la práctica cotidiana. En cambio, el papel y la fuerza del ejército egipcio son todavía muy importantes, y ello se refleja en el texto constitucional. Por ello, se considera al ejército y las concesiones que la Constitución le confiere el &#8220;principal obstáculo para transformar a Egipto en una verdadera democracia moderna&#8221;. Con la Constitución se establece la tiranía de los militares sobre la ciudadanía, y se les confiere absoluta independencia para suprimir cualquier movimiento de rebeldía y de oposición política. No obstante, uno de los grandes resultados del movimiento popular iniciado en enero de 2011 fue la Constitución de 2014, pues permite construir paulatinamente una sociedad más justa y digna, que alcance la justicia social, lo que fue uno de los objetivos fundamentales de la insurrección del pueblo egipcio. Cada uno de los logros que recoge el texto constitucional se alcanzó a partir de las grandes movilizaciones que el mundo atestiguara y que son ejemplos de lo que puede lograrse con la participación masiva del pueblo. Creemos que hay una verdadera posibilidad de encauzar las fuerzas del cambio en el país a partir del texto constitucional; por lo tanto, la lucha por &#8220;el pan, la libertad, la justicia social y la dignidad humana&#8221; continuará y, de hecho, continúa en el país del Nilo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract During the lengthy popular uprising which started in the Nile country in January of 2011, three constitutional texts were in force variably, the last of which was enacted in January of 2014. One of the most important results of the insurrection, this most recent Constitution reflects the ideology of the movement at the time of its publication and the long-term goals the insurgents set out to accomplish. As regards the 2014 Constitution, it bears emphasizing the content of article 227, which consecrates the &#8220;cohesive&#8221; nature of the Constitution and its provisions. This article may, in turn be used as the basis to prevent abrupt amendments to the document: intended to keep its original unity and principles through time, without consigning it to a state of paralysis. Another article we focus upon, 226, aims to prevent any abusive amendment to the Constitution carried out to facilitate attempts to remain in power, as happened in the past. Additionally, the grand goal of seeking social justice permeates several sections of the text. This can be observed in the 8th section, in the 17th to 21st and the 23rd (which establishes minimal gross domestic product percentages allocated to expenditure on public health: 3%, basic education: 4%, higher education: 2%, and scientific research: 1%). Such sentiments are likewise to be found in section 27, setting forth the notion that the economic system must foster social reform. Along these lines, article 38 also stands out, for it dictates progressive taxation as a means to attain said justice, which has recently been put into practice. In addition to having a semi-parliamentary or semi-presidential political system, legislators tried to curtail the President&#8217;s power through the supervising counterbalance of the newly created Parliament (article 102). The efficacy of this decision will have to be corroborated in everyday practice. In contrast to these reformist and popular impulses, the Egyptian army still possesses an important political role and considerable strength, which is reflected in the text of the Constitution. That is why the army and the concessions the Constitution grants to it are deemed the &#8220;main obstacle in transforming Egypt into a true modern democracy&#8221;. The Constitution institutionalizes the tyranny of military forces over citizens by bestowing complete autonomy upon the former to stifle any rebellion or political opposition movement in the Nile Country. Notwithstanding this apparent anomaly, one of the significant outcomes of the January 2011 uprising was the 2014 Constitution, which may well allow for the gradual building of a more fair, dignified society which attains a more evolved form of social justice, one of the fundamental goals of the Egyptian people&#8217;s insurrection. Every single achievement crystallized in the constitutional text has been a consequence of the great mobilizations the world witnessed, a testament to what massive popular participation can attain. We believe the Constitution has true potential to guide the forces of change in the country. Therefore, the struggle for &#8220;bread, freedom, social justice and human dignity&#8221; will continue and is actually continuing in the Nile country via constitutional and non-constitutional means.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Constitución de 2014]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resultados del movimiento popular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Egipto 2011-2014]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comparación de textos constitucionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[&#8220;Revoluciones egipcias&#8221;]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Civilian-Military Relations and the Position of Security Institutions in the 2014 Constitution]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abd Rabou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Daily News Egypt]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel-razek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sherine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hard Tax Choices]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Al Ahram Weekly Online</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Constitutional Articles: Then and Now]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Al-Jazeera</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Comparing Egypt&#8217;s 2012 and 2013 Constitutions]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inside Egypt&#8217;s Draft Constitution: Questions over Social Justice]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Egypt&#8217;s &#8216;New&#8217; Constitution: Repeating Mistakes]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al-Jazeera]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Tawy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ayat]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inside Egypt&#8217;s Draft Constitution: Progress on Key Freedoms]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Drew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracy International Expresses &#8216;Serious Concerns&#8217; over Referendum]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Egypt Independent]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El islam [no ha sido] la solución&#8217;. Egipto bajo el gobierno de los Hermanos Musulmanes (2012-2013)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios de Asia y África]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>XLIX</volume>
<numero>154</numero>
<issue>154</issue>
<page-range>509-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El movimiento popular en Egipto en 2011: resultados primeros y tareas futuras]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesa Delmonte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El pueblo quiere que caiga el régimen. Protestas sociales y conflictos en África del Norte y en Medio Oriente]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>231-52</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La segunda thawra masriya: de la responsabilidad histórica de los Hermanos Musulmanes a la &#8216;Contrarrevolución&#8217; en Egipto contemporáneo]]></source>
<year>12 d</year>
<month>e </month>
<day>ma</day>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Egipto: Situación Política Actual]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>12 de mayo de 2014</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Ciudad de México </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sociedad antigua y respuesta popular. Movimientos sociales en Egipto antiguo]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Conacyt-UAM-Plaza y Valdés]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Corresponsales de Al Jazeera</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Egipcios dicen &#8216;sí&#8217; a la nueva Constitución]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter Press Service]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lo importante es combatir la desigualdad]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Croda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proceso]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>1958</numero>
<issue>1958</issue>
<page-range>8-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Armées et société dans le Monde Arabe: entre révolte et conservatisme]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daguzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean-Françoise]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Maghreb-Machrek]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>214</numero>
<issue>214</issue>
<page-range>9-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Khaled]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Positive Sign]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reducir la desigualdad extrema: una propuesta precisa]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado Selley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orlando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Jornada]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Egyptian Government</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Constitutional Declaration 2011]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Egyptian Government Services Portal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Egyptian State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Egyptian State Information Service Website]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Egyptian State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Egyptian State Information Service Website]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Judiciary in the Constitution: Lost Opportunities on Reform and Enshrinement of the Judiciaries Impenetrability]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Chazly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Daily News Egypt]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Din]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gamal Essam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A New Realism]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Din]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gamal Essam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Tumultuous Year]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Din]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gamal Essam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Charting the Future]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Din]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gamal Essam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prepping the Poll]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Gundy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zeinab]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inside Egypt&#8217;s Draft Constitution: Checks and Balances Mediate Presidential Power]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constitutional Amendments: Repeating Past Mistakes?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Masry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Daily News Egypt]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Sharnoubi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Osman]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How Your Daily Life may change under El-Sisi]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Realidad y futuro de la Revolución egipcia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elshobaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amr]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Awraq]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>107-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage from a Hieratic Papyrus in Leiden]]></source>
<year>1909</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Leipzig ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[J. C. Hinrichs&#8217;sche Buchhandlung]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghonim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revolution 2.0. The Power of the People is Greater than the People in Power. A Memoir]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Egipto: el regreso de los generales]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grecko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Témoris]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proceso]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<numero>1914</numero>
<issue>1914</issue>
<page-range>54-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lantier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Low Turnout as Egypt&#8217;s US-Backed Junta Holds Constitutional Referendum]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Socialist Web Site]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reem]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historic Ruling on Harassment]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Egypte : de une révolution à une autre?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messiha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teulon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frédéric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Maghreb-Machrek]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<numero>216</numero>
<issue>216</issue>
<page-range>129-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nassar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Galal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Battle over the Constitution]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nkrumah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gamal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nasser and Now]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rashwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nada Hussein]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inside Egypt&#8217;s Draft Constitution: Role of Sharia Redefined]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rizk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Sharnoubi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Osman]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Egypt&#8217;s Constitution 2013 vs. 2012: A Comparison]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shukrallah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salma]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Egypt&#8217;s Constitution: Who is backing It and Why?]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johannes]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Egypt&#8217;s New Constitution Legitimizes Coup, Enshrines Military Dictatorship]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Socialist Web Site]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johannes]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Way forward in Egypt]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Socialist Web Site]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johannes]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Two Years of the Egyptian Revolution]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Socialist Web Site]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sherif]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inside Egypt&#8217;s Draft Constitution: Debates over Military Powers Continue]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Al Ahram Online]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Cairo Post</collab>
<source><![CDATA[2014 Constitution]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Constituent Assembly</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The New Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
