<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-8110</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cultura y representaciones sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cultura representaciones soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-8110</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-81102023000200003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/crim.20078110e.2023.11448</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Chivos, ovejas y patitos: la animalización de la diferencia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Goats, sheep and cuckles: the animalization of the difference]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandez Poncela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>35</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-81102023000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-81102023000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-81102023000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este trabajo es una revisión y reflexión en torno al origen, configuración y aplicación de algunos conceptos o figuras que en determinados contextos se construyen y se atribuyen a individuos o grupos, con los que son señalados, acusados y culpados de ciertos problemas sociales, lo que tiene como consecuencias juicios, actitudes y comportamientos determinados. En ocasiones esta forma de categorización y nombramiento se relaciona con animales, que por tanto son diferentes y sobre todo caracterizados como inferiores o despreciables, y cuando no, malignos, dignos de separación, expulsión e incluso destrucción. En concreto, se trata de los chivos expiatorios, las ovejas negras y los patitos feos. Tal vez el considerarlos así hace más fácil causar el desdeño, la hostilidad y a veces la discriminación de las que son objeto en el discurso y en las vivencias. Además, dichos conceptos se emplean en la práctica cotidiana y la realidad social, y también en la investigación y el análisis social. Para la realización de este trabajo se hará un recorrido por diferentes teorías, así como autores y autoras, que abordan el tema. Como hallazgo se presenta un panorama general de cómo, dónde y por qué surgen sus significados y su aplicación, así como un acercamiento al atajo del estereotipo y el prejuicio social, que tanto ayer como hoy parecen ser fenómenos sociales habituales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This work is a review and reflection on the origin, configuration and application of some concepts or figures that in certain contexts are constructed and attributed to individuals or groups, and with which they are pointed out, accused, and blamed for certain social problems, with consequences such as judgments, attitudes, and certain behaviors. Sometimes these figures used to categorize and name are related to animals, that therefore are different, and above all characterized as inferior, despicable, evil, worthy of separation or expulsion, even destruction. Specifically, it is about scapegoats, black sheep and ugly ducklings. Perhaps considering t that way makes it easier to provoke disdain, hostility, and sometimes discrimination, to which they are subjected, in discourse as well as in experiences. In addition, these concepts are used in daily practice and social reality, and also in research and social analysis. To carry out this work a tour of different theories, as well as authors on the subject is made. As a finding it presents an overview of how, where, or why they arise, their meanings and their application, as well as an approach to the shortcut of the stereotype and social prejudice, which yesterday as today seem to be common as social phenomena.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[chivo expiatorio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[oveja negra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patito feo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estereotipo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estigma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[scapegoat]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[black sheep]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ugly duckling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stereotype]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stigma]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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