<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-7858</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[CienciaUAT]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[CienciaUAT]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-7858</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-78582018000100078</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El engranaje institucional como elemento del enfoque sistemático de la innovación en Latinoamérica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The institutional gear as an element of systemic approach to innovation in Latin America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borges-Quiñones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marisol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saucedo-Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Facultad de Contaduría y Administración ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xalapa Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Instituto de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores Económicos y Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xalapa Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>78</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-78582018000100078&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-78582018000100078&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-78582018000100078&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El enfoque sistémico de la innovación resalta la interrelación de los agentes e instituciónes, sin embargo, no reconoce la complementariedad institucional. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo diseñar y evaluar un indicador del constructo de "engranaje institucional" como un elemento que reconoce el impacto que una institución tiene sobre otra en los procesos de innovación, así como examinar la relación existente entre el índice de engranaje institucional y el crecimiento económico. Se utilizó el método de regresión lineal, considerando el PIB per cápita de 17 países de América Latina en el periodo de 1980 a 2014. Se usaron variables como la tasa de actividades empresariales (TAE), que mide la población involucrada; el porcentaje de la TAE, que tiene un producto o servicio nuevo; gobierno efectivo, Estado de derecho, leyes estables; y vínculos entre universidad-empresa, siendo clasificados como productos e insumos. El diseño del indicador de engranaje institucional resultó adecuado para reconocer la complementariedad en las instituciones y su papel en los procesos de innovación, además de confirmar que los países en donde se tiene un mayor índice de engranaje institucional presentan un crecimiento económico superior. Los resultados muestran que los países latinoamericanos deben impulsar el engranaje institucional para fortalecer su sistema nacional de innovación, y así lograr un progreso económico sostenido, como el que presentan la mayoría de los países desarrollados (Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The systemic approach to innovation highlights the interrelationship between actors and institutions, but does not recognize the institutional complementarity. For that, this paper aims to design and assess an indicator of institutional gear as an element that recognizes the impact that an institution has over another in the innovation process, and the relationship between institutional gear index and economic growth. Linear regression was used by considering GDP per cápita of 17 Latin American economies for the 1980 to 2014 period. Variables such as the rate of entrepreneurial activity (REA) which measures population involved, the percentage of REA that a new product or service has, effective government, state rights, laws and stable links between university-companies were used. These were classified as outputs and inputs. The institutional gear design was suitable for recognizing the complementary between the institutions and their role in innovation processes, as well as establishing that the countries where they have greater institutional gear have higher economie growth. The results show that the Latin American countries must boost the institutional gear to strengthen their national innovation systems and thus achieve sustained economie growth, as that shown by most of the developed countries (European Union and the United States).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfoque sistémico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[engranaje institucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[systemic approach]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[institutional gear]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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