<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-5308</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[México y la cuenca del pacífico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Méx.cuenca pac]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-5308</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Departamento de Estudios del Pacífico]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-53082024000200009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/mycp.v13i38.871</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de posición y dinamismo comercial entre Estados Unidos y China]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of position and commercial dynamism between the United States and China]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez Chiñas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Azcapotzalco Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Estudios Superiores Acatlán ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Azcapotzalco Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-53082024000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-53082024000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-53082024000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el grado de apertura y concentración/diversificación geográfica del comercio de Estados Unidos y China en el periodo 1990-2021. Para ello se utilizan dos indicadores de comercio exterior: el Coeficiente de Apertura y el Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (IHH). El estudio muestra que Estados Unidos ha experimentado una presencia relativamente menor que China en los mercados internacionales, y que en ambas potencias económicas existe una mayor diversificación de productos y mercados de exportación. En 2018, derivado de la posición y el creciente dinamismo comercial de China en los mercados internacionales, Estados Unidos inició un cambio en la política comercial, desde una posición de mayor apertura hacia la construcción estratégica de un bloque regional proteccionista frente a China, materializado en el Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of the paper is to analyse the degree of openness and geographic concentration/diversification of trade of the United States and China in the period 1990-2021. To do this, two foreign trade indicators are used: the Openness Coefficient and the HerfindahlHirschman Index (IHH). The study shows that the United States has experienced a relatively smaller presence than China in international markets, and that in both economic powers there is greater diversification of products and export markets. Derived from the position and the growing commercial dynamism of China in international markets, in 2018 the United States began a change in trade policy, from a position of greater openness, towards the strategic construction of a protectionist regional bloc against China materialized in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[apertura comercial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diversificación de productos y de mercados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[proteccionismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trade opening]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diversification of products and markets]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[protectionism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crecimiento y diversificación de las exportaciones en economías emergentes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista CEPAL]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>117-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of export diversification around the world: 1962-2000]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The World Economy]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>295-315</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chancí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Export Diversification Dynamics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrighi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brewer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Industrial convergence, globalization, and the persistence of the North-South divide]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Studies in Comparative International Development]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>3-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Datos de libre acceso del Banco Mundial]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bliss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors Model with Historical Application]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>268-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asia, laboratorio de los capitalismos... y de las teorías económicas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía: teoría y práctica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>40</numero>
<issue>40</issue>
<page-range>11-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boccardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Export Diversification and Competitiveness in Developing Countries]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of the trade position of China and the United States to understand the economic conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Journal of Trade Policy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>6-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Indicadores de comercio exterior y política comercial: mediciones de posición y dinamismo comercial]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEPAL]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>European Council on Foreign Relations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[China Analysis. One or two Chinese models?]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Council on Foreign Relations, Asia Centre]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Libre comercio: tratados y nuevo orden. Un balance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía UNAM]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De Adam Smith a List, ¿del libre comercio al proteccionismo?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aportes]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>103-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Ha contribuido el TLCAN a la diversificación de las exportaciones mexicanas?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tiempo Económico]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>25</numero>
<issue>25</issue>
<page-range>57-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Están concentradas las exportaciones de México? Un análisis comparativo con las exportaciones de Canadá]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[eseconomía]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>54</numero>
<issue>54</issue>
<page-range>75-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Competencia y competitividad de las exportaciones de México y China en el mercado estadounidense: nueva evidencia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[México y la Cuenca del Pacífico]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>79-105</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Causas, evolución y perspectivas de la guerra comercial para China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis Económico]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>89</numero>
<issue>89</issue>
<page-range>91-116</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[México: de la sustitución de importaciones al nuevo modelo económico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comercio Exterior]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>34-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Brief History of Neoliberalism]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[World Economic Outlook Database: Abril 2022]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Monetary Fund (IMF)]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khanna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The New Industrial Age: America Should Once Again Become a Manufacturing Superpower]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>141-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Political Economy of Neoliberalism: Britain and the United States in the 1980s]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitschelt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>371-97</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krueger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trade Policy and Economic Development: How We Learn]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The China-US Trade War: Deep&#8208;Rooted Causes, Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian Economic Policy Review]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>55-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding the U.S.-China trade war]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[China Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>319-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Del TLCAN al T-MEC: consecuencias comerciales y económicas para México]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proceso de apertura y desarrollo comercial en la región de América del Norte]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>41-60</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Fontamara y Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Viral protectionism in the time of coronavirus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Voices]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kubota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Organization]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>107-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoffie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Between free trade and protectionism: Strategic trade policy and a theory of corporate trade demands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Organization]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>239-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[China&#8217;s economic rise: History, trends, challenges, and implications for the United States]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Congressional Research Service]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naughton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Chinese Economy: Adaptation and Growth]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>OEC</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exportaciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Observatorio de Complejidad Económica]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2009: Compromisos de política comercial y medidas de contingencia]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización Mundial del Comercio]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estados Unidos - medidas arancelarias sobre determinados productos procedentes de China]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización Mundial del Comercio]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osakwe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos-Paulino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dogan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade dependence, liberalization, and exports diversification in developing countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of African Trade]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>19-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. In A. Saad-Filho y D. Johnston]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neoliberalism - A Critical Reader]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pluto Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Concentración o diversificación exportadora por destinos: un análisis a través del Índice Herfindahl Hirschmann en Santander, Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Saber, Ciencia y Libertad]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>111-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Principios de economía política y tributación]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FCE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[México en la disyuntiva económica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía UNAM]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>31-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La economía política del proteccionismo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Economía]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>80</numero>
<issue>80</issue>
<page-range>65-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un gran debate económico a través de nuestra historia, los liberales frente a los keynesianos desarrollistas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía unam]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>45</numero>
<issue>45</issue>
<page-range>3-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What is Neoliberalism?]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Department of Political Science. University of Oslo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La apertura de México y la paradoja de la competitividad: hacia un modelo de competitividad sistémica.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comercio Exterior]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>772-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Trade Organization (WTO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre las medidas comerciales del G20]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
