<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-5057</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación en educación médica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación educ. médica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-5057</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-50572019000200095</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/facmed.20075057e.2019.30.18165</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La transformación de la educación médica en el último siglo: innovaciones curriculares y didácticas (parte 1)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A century of curricular and instruccional changes in medical education (part 1)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna de la Luz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNAM Subdirección de Innovación Educativa Coordinación de Desarrollo Educativo e Innovación Curricular]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cd. Mx. ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>30</numero>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>109</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-50572019000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-50572019000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-50572019000200095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La educación médica se ha transformado a lo largo del tiempo en busca de satisfacer las necesidades de cada época. Algunas innovaciones aún son vigentes y se han adaptado a otros contextos de manera exitosa; otras prácticas han desaparecido. Con la finalidad de brindar una perspectiva sobre las propuestas novedosas en la educación médica que han sido adoptadas, se realizó un análisis crítico de la literatura para identificar aquellas que han impactado en el currículo, la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y la evaluación. Los resultados se dividieron en dos secciones: en esta primera parte se reflexiona sobre las innovaciones curriculares y didácticas. Respecto al primer ámbito se identifican los modelos alternativos a la estructura flexneriana, como la estructura modular, los planes de estudio flexibles o la educación basada en competencias. En relación con las innovaciones didácticas, se contrastan las estrategias en las que el estudiante adoptaba un rol pasivo con las propuestas como el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, One Minute Preceptor, y el método SNAPPS, a través de las cuales se busca promover el desarrollo de habilidades clínicas mediante la participación activa del alumno. Las innovaciones en estos dos ámbitos, curricular y didáctico, están interrelacionadas entre sí y también con la evaluación del aprendizaje. En una segunda parte, se abordarán las transformaciones en esta área junto con una reflexión sobre el papel de la tecnología como herramienta para instrumentar las innovaciones en la educación médica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Medical education has transformed teaching and learning practices in the last century in order to respond to the social, cientifical and technological challenges of each moment. Some of the innovations are still being implemented and have even been adapted to other contexts (i.e. problem-based learning), while others have been discarded. In order to present a broad perspective of the educational innovations in medicine, the authors undertook a critical review of the literature and identified the new approaches that impact curriculum, teaching and learning, and assessment of this practice. This article covers the findings regarding the first two dimensions. In regards to curriculum, the different models for defining and organizing the medical education curriculum that were proposed as an alternative to the Flexner structure are discussed (i.e. modular structure, flexible curriculum, competency based education). Then, teaching strate-gies that have tried to promote active learning and foster student-centered approaches for developing clinical skills in students will be described (such as, Problem-based Learning, One Minute Preceptor and SNAPPS). Curriculum and teaching innovations have influenced one another and have also had an impact on assessment practices. In another article, innovations in this area will be analyzed as well as the role that technology has played in the implementation of innovations in medical education.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Educación médica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Currículo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Didáctica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Medical education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Curriculum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Teaching and learning]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chimal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fábrica de colores. La vida del inventor Guillermo González Camarena]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<edition>Primera ed.</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Facultad de Medicina</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hace 50 años, la primera transmisión de la TV a colores desde la Escuela Nacional de Medicina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gaceta Facultad de Medicina UNAM]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tierney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lanford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conceptualizing innovation in higher education. Vol. 25, Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>425-48</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schumpeter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The process of creative destruction. In: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>81-6</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London and New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poirier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eddy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wynne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thoughts on Improving Innovation : What Are the Characteristics of Innovation and How Do We Cultivate Them ?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technol Innov]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>319-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barraza Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una conceptualización comprehensiva de la innovación educativa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Innovación Educ]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>19-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diffusion of innovations]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>3a edición</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillian Publishing Co.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<edition>primera ed.</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill Education]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heredia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Innovación educativa - Observatorio de Innovación Educativa]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Barriga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los profesores ante las innovaciones curriculares]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Iberoam Educ Super]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malagón Plata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Malagon Plata Luis Alberto_El curriculo. Sophia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>83-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Glossary of Education Reform</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Great Schools Partnership]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The educational imagination: on the design and evaluation of school programs]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<edition>primera</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flexner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]]></source>
<year>1910</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching 1910]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berliner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Larger Perspective on the Flexner Report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Heal Serv]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>573-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oriol Bosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De Flexner a Bolonia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educ Médica]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>193-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takeuchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mortimer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovative models of medical education in the United States today: An overview with implications for curriculum and program evaluation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine I of, editor. Medical Education and Societal Needs: A Planning Report for the Health Professions]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Academies Press (US)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las carreras de medicina en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perfiles Educ]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>XVIII</volume>
<numero>73</numero>
<issue>73</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ten Cate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nuts and bolts of entrustable professional activities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Grad Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>157-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maggio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Educating physicians in evidence based medicine: current practices and curricular strategies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspect Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>358-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naismith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Faculty development initiatives designed to promote leadership in medical education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[A BEME systematic review: BEME Guide]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>483-503</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Medical Teacher]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shortliffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomedical Informatics in the Education of Physicians]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>304</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Mendiola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Informática Biomédica y la educación de los médicos: un dilema no resuelto]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educ Médica]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>28-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching rounds: Teaching when time is limited]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bmj]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>336</volume>
<numero>7640</numero>
<issue>7640</issue>
<page-range>384-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Association]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Creating a community of Innovation: The work of the AMA Accelerating Change in Medical Education Consortium]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago, IL ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skochelak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Starr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borkan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Health Systems Science]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fulton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[History of Medical Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med J]]></source>
<year>1953</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>4834</numero>
<issue>4834</issue>
<page-range>457-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mourad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jurjus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajj Hussein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The What or the How: a Review of Teaching Tools and Methods in Medical Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Sci Educ]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>723-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Educational Strategies to Promote Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nejm]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>355</volume>
<page-range>2217-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartzstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Saying Goodbye to Lectures in Medical School -- Paradigm Shift or Passing Fad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>377</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>605-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medical school without the &#8216;sage on a stage&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post. Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sa&#769;nchez Mendiola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lifshitz Guinzberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilar Puig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marti&#769;nez Gonza&#769;lez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varela Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graue Wierchers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Educacio&#769;n me&#769;dica : teori&#769;a y pra&#769;ctica]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Custers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJFM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thirty years of illness scripts: Theoretical origins and practical applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Teach]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>457-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolpaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SNAPPS : A Learner &#8208; centered Model for Outpatient Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Academic Medicine]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The one-minute preceptor: Shaping the teaching conversation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fam Med]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>391-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubarsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dory]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Audétat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M-C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Custers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using script theory to cultivate illness script formation and clinical reasoning in health professions education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can Med Educ J]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cennimo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching Clinical Reasoning to Medical Students: A Case-Based Illness Script Worksheet Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MedEdPORTAL Publ]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teherani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aagaard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Student perceptions of the one minute preceptor and traditional preceptor models]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Teach]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>323-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cayley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effective clinical education: Strategies for teaching medical students and residents in the office]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wis Med J]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>178-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joyce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bittner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Practical strategies for increasing efficiency and effectiveness in critical care education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World J Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching the teachers: Is it Effective. Arrows in the Quiver: Evaluation of a Workshop on Ambulatory Teaching]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acad Med]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>S67-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sadowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riddle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching cardiac examination skills: A controlled trial of two methods]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Gen Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Passos-neto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braghiroli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simulation in Medical Education : Brief history and methodology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ppcr]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>56-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A systematic review of the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in medical education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>585-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Street]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilliland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNeil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Royal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Flipped Classroom Improved Medical Student Performance and Satisfaction in a Pre-clinical Physiology Course]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Sci Educ]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>35-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amin Tabish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment methods in medical education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Health Sci (Qassim)]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>3-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neufeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrows]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The &#8220;McMaster Philosophy&#8221;: An Approach to Medical Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Educ]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1040-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Problem-Based Learning and Medical Education Forty Years On]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Princ Pract]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vernon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acad Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>550-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albanese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Problem based learning: A Review of Literature on its Outcomes and Implementation Issues]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acad Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>52-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dochy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van den Bossche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gijbels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of problem-based learning: A meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Learn Instr]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>533-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kinnear]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wamboldt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effectiveness of medical simulation in teaching medical students critical care medicine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Simul Healthc]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>104-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of team-based learning on medical education in China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Esquema CARAIPER: una estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje del razonamiento clínico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educ Médica]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>71</numero>
<issue>71</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altarejos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Script-theory virtual case: A novel tool for education and research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Teach]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1130-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
