<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4832</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta de investigación psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta de investigación psicol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4832</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Psicología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-48322017000302766</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.aipprr.2017.11.004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cálculo mental en niños y su relación con habilidades cognitivas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mental arithmetic in children and its relation to cognitive abilities]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Formoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Injoque-Ricle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irene]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacubovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreyro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Psicología Instituto de Investigaciones]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>2766</fpage>
<lpage>2774</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-48322017000302766&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-48322017000302766&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-48322017000302766&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este trabajo buscó analizar si las variables memoria de trabajo (MT) verbal, MT visoespacial, velocidad de procesamiento y habilidad verbal pueden predecir la habilidad de los niños para el cálculo mental durante la realización de problemas aritméticos simples. Se administraron los subtests Vocabulario y Span de Dígitos del WISC-III; el subtest Casita de Animales del WPPSI-R y una prueba de problemas aritméticos (ad hoc) a 70 niños de 6 años. Un análisis de regresión lineal con el método stepwise mostró que solo la MT visoespacial predijo la variabilidad en las puntuaciones de cálculo mental (t=4.72; p&lt;0.001; &#946;=0.50). Los resultados son contrarios a estudios realizados en adultos y niños mayores en los cuales el mayor peso recae sobre la MT verbal. Es posible que a medida que los niños crecen la automatización de ciertos procesos de conteo y el almacenamiento de hechos aritméticos en la memoria de largo plazo produzca que dependan en mayor medida de la MT verbal para la resolución de este tipo de cálculos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This study aimed to analyze whether verbal working memory (WM), visual-spatial WM, processing speed, and verbal ability predicted children's ability to perform mental arithmetic. Five tests were administered to 70 6-years-old children: the Vocabulary and Digits Span subtests from the WISC-III Intelligence Scale, the Animal Pegs subtest from WPPSI-R, and an arithmetic test (ad hoc). A linear regression analysis showed that only visual-spatial WM predicted the variability in children's scores in the arithmetic test (t=4.72; P&lt;.001; &#946;=.50). These findings contradict studies carried out in adults and older children where verbal WM seemed to play a greater role in the subject's ability to conduct calculations without external aids. It is possible that as they grow older, the automation of certain counting processes, as well as the storage and recovery of arithmetic knowledge from long-term memory will cause them to rely primarily on verbal WM resources.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cálculo mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Velocidad de procesamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Memoria de trabajo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Habilidad verbal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mental arithmetic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Processing speed]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Working memory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Verbal ability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Children]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ackerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anhalt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dykman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Arithmetic automatization failure in children with attention and reading disorders: Associations and sequela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Learning Disability]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>222-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashcraft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The development of mental arithmetic: A chronometric approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Developmental Review]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>213-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baddeley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gathercole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papagno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The phonological loop as a language learning device]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Review]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>158-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baddeley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Biology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>R136-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baddeley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bower]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>47-89</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baddeley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loggie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory: The multiple component model]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>28-61</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory and arithmetic calculation in children: The contributory roles of processing speed, short-term memory, and reading]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>288-308</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cognitive processes]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Englewood Cliffs, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice-Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiebe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short-term memory working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Developmental Neuropsychology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>205-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Children&#8217;s arithmetical difficulties: contributions from processing speed, item identification, and short-term memory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cirino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tolar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huston-Warren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cognitive and numerosity predictors of mathematical skills in middle school]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>145</volume>
<page-range>95-119</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunting]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Therriault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minkoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intelligence]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>163-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montreal, CA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGill University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeStefano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeFevre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of working memory in mental arithmetic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Cognitive Psychology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>353-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snowling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The cognitive foundations of reading and arithmetic skills in 7- to10-years-old]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>113-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fastenau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory in young children: Evidence for modality-specificity and implications for cerebral reorganization in early childhood]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuropsychologia]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>643-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Discovering statistics using SPSS]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAGE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Compton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paulsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamlett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prevention, identification, and cognitive determinants of math difficulty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Educational Psychology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>493-513</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Compton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seethaler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capizzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fletcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The cognitive correlates of third-grade skills in arithmetic, algorithmic computation and arithmetic word problems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Educational Psychology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>29-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Separate roles for executive and phonological components of working memory in mental arithmetic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Memory &amp; Cognition]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>774-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mathematical disabilities: Cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>345-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samaranayake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cognitive addition: A short longitudinal study of strategy choice and speed-of-processing differences in normal and mathematically disabled children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Developmental Psychology]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>787-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frensch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simple and complex mental subtraction: Strategy choice and speed-of-processing differences in younger and older adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychology and Aging]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>242-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byrd-Craven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeSoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Strategy choice in simple and complex addition: Contributions of working memory and counting knowledge for children with mathematical disability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<page-range>121-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gravetter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallnau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>8</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Belmont, CA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wadsworth]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hecht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torgesen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rashotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relations between phonological processing abilities and emerging individual differences in mathematical computation skills: A longitudinal study from second to fifth grades]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>192-227</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Sampieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Collado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baptista Lucio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Metodología de la investigación]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory and children&#8217;s mathematical skills: Implications for mathematical development and mathematics curricula]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational Psychology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>339-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gathercole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Verbal and non- verbal working memory and achievements on national curriculum tests at 11 and14 years of age]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational and Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>123-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why is reaction time correlated with psychometric g?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Directions in Psychological Science]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>53-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[More evidence for the role of the central executive in retrieving arithmetic facts - a case study of severe developmental dyscalculia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>302-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kintsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greeno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding and solving word arithmetic problems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Review]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>109-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knudsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fischer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aschersleben]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The development of Arabic digit knowledge in 4- to 7-year-old children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Numerical Cognition]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>21-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kyttälä]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aunio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Luit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hautamäki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Visuospatial working memory and early numeracy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational and Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>65-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeFevre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bisanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Selection of procedures in mental addition: Reassessing the problem size effect in adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>216-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Logie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilhooly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Counting on working memory in arithmetic problem solving]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Memory and Cognition]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>395-410</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzocco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is it a fact? Timed arithmetic performance of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD) varies as a function of how MLD is defined]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Developmental Neuropsychology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>318-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of visual-spatial and phonological disruption on children&#8217;s arithmetical skills]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational and Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>93-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory impairments in children with specific arithmetic learning difficulties]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>240-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aubrun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Involvement of short-term memory in complex mental calculation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Memory &amp; Cognition]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>34-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Developmental differences in solving simple arithmetic word problems and simple number-fact problems: A comparison of mathematically normal and mathematically disabled children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mathematical Cognition]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Working memory: A developmental study of phonological recoding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Memory]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>179-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Price]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzocco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ansari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why mental arithmetic counts: Brain activation during single digit arithmetic predicts high-school math scores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>156-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salthouse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Review]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sattler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación infantil]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Manual Moderno]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shrager]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Strategy choice in addition and subtraction: How do children know what to do?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sophian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Origins of cognitive skills]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hillsdale, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Erlbaum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of visual-spatial and verbal skills on written and mental arithmetic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Optometric Association]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>88-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabachnick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fidell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Using multivariate statistics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pearson Education]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tellegen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briggs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Old wine in new skins: Grouping Wechsler subtests into new scales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Consulting Psychology]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>499-506</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trochim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. M. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The research methods knowledge base]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cincinnati, OH ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wechsler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[WISC-R, Wechsler intelligence scale for children, revised]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Psychological Corporation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wechsler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Test de inteligencia para niños WISC-III. Manual]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wechsler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Test de inteligencia para preescolares WPSSI-R. Manual]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zentall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fact-retrieval automatization and math problem-solving: Learning disabled, attention disordered, and normal adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Educational Psychology]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<page-range>856-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
