<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4298</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Botanical Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bot. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4298</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Botánica de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-42982023000200400</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17129/botsci.3159</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Deficiencies in compliance with environmental regulation for orchid trade via social networks in Mexico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Deficiencias en el cumplimino de la regulación ambiental para el comercio de orquídeas via redes sociales en México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espejo-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abigail del Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espejo-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abraham]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez-Ángeles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lagunez-Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luicita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zimatlán Oaxaca]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Oaxaca de Juárez Oaxaca]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Observatorio de la Biodiversidad y el Cambio Climático  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Benito Juárez Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán Oaxaca]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>400</fpage>
<lpage>416</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-42982023000200400&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-42982023000200400&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-42982023000200400&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Online commerce (e-commerce) includes wild orchids, but it may constitute illicit trade and a risk for its conservation. In Mexico, the magnitude of this e-commerce, if it shows to be illicit, and how environmental crimes are constituted according to the country's regulations are unknown.  Questions:  How many orchid species are offered in e-commerce? Where do the offers originate? Does this trade become a scenario for environmental crimes? What differences are there in the seller profile and earnings between e-commerce and traditional markets?  Studied species: Orchids commercialized in social networks of Mexico.  Study site and dates:  Mexican states with orchid e-commerce, October-December 2020.  Methods: Three e-commerce platforms were reviewed, documenting species richness, active sellers, points of sale and verifying compliance with environmental regulations. We compared the orchid richness and prices in e-commerce with those registered in traditional markets in Mexico.  Results:  We registered 344 publications, 164 orchid taxa, half Mexican native and 39 hybrids. These offers do not always originate in areas of high orchid richness. In Mexico, orchid management for commercial purposes requires registration and consent of the environmental authority, but no seller has provided evidence regarding it. Prices are higher in e-commerce than in traditional markets.  Conclusions:  e-commerce offers orchid varieties (native, nonnative, hybrid) and traditional markets only native. Because in e-commerce sellers do not provide evidence of compliance with the environmental regulations, the digital platforms prompt environmental crimes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: El comercio en línea (e-comercio) incluye orquídeas, pero esto podría constituir un actvidad ilícita y un riesgo para su conservación. En México se desconoce la magnitud de este e-comercio, si muestra ser ilícito, y cómo se constituyen delitos ambientales de acuerdo a la normatividad del país.  Preguntas: ¿Qué cantidad de orquídeas se ofertan en el e-comercio? ¿Dónde se originan las ofertas? ¿Este comercio es escenario de crímenes ambientales? ¿Qué diferencias hay en el perfil y ganacias del vendedor entre e-comercio y mercados tradicionales?  Especies de estudio: Orquídeas comercializadas en redes sociales de México.  Sitio y años de estudio: Estados mexicanos con e-comercio de orquídeas, octubre-diciembre 2020.  Métodos: Revisamos tres plataformas de e-comercio, documentando cantidad de orquídeas, vendedores activos, lugares de venta y verificando el cumplimiento de la normatividad ambiental. Comparamos cantidad y precios entre e-comercio y mercados tradicionales de México.  Resultados: Registramos 344 ofertas y 164 orquídeas, la mitad nativas de México y 39 híbridos. Las ofertas no siempre provienen de áreas con alta riqueza orquideológica. El manejo de orquídeas con fines comerciales requiere registro y permisos ante autoridades ambientales, pero los vendedores no presentaron evidencias de ello. Los precios son más altos en el e-comercio que en mercados tradicionales.  Conclusiones:  El e-comercio ofrece variedad de orquídeas (nativas, no-nativas, híbridos) y los mercados tradicionales solo nativas. Como los vendedores no proporcionaron evidencias de cumplir la normatividad ambiental, las plataformas digitales promueven delitos ambientales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Illicit wildlife traffic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexican environmental regulations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ornamental plants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sustainable wildlife management]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[threatened species]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Especies amenazadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manejo de vida silvestre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[normatividad ambiental mexicana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plantas ornamentales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tráfico ilícito de vida silvestre]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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